Единственное число Множественное число
A man - мужчина, человек men - мужчины, люди
A woman - женщина women - женщины
A tooth - зуб teeth - зубы
A foot - ступня feet - ступни
A child - ребенок children - дети
A goose - гусь geese гуси
A mouse - мышь mice мыши
A sheep - овца sheep овцы
A deer - олень deer -олени
An ox - бык oxen
Формы числа существительных латинского и греческого происхождения
Единственное число
analysis [ə'næləsis] анализ
basis [beisis] основа
crisis [kraisis] кризис
datum [deitəm] данная величина
phenomenon [fi'nבminən] явление
index [indeks] указатель
formula [fב:mjulə] формула
nucleus ['nju:kliəs] ядро
| Множественное число
analyses [ə'næləsiz] анализы .
bases [beisi:z] основы
crises [kraisi:z] кризисы
data [deitə] данные величины
phenomena [fi'nבminə] явления
indexes [indeksiz] индексы indices [indisi:z] указатели
formulae ['fב:mju:li:] формулы
nuclei ['nju:kliai] ядра
|
Существительные, имеющие одну форму ед. и мн. числа
series [siəri:z] серия, ряд
means средство, способ
species ['spi:∫i:z] вид /биол/
| series серии, ряды
means средства, способы
species виды /биол/
|
Только в единственном числе употребляются существительные:
деньги - money знания – knowledge, новости - news
успех - success, волосы – hair, каникулы - vacation
совет – advice, информация, сообщение – information
progress
фрукты /разные виды/--fruits: fruit
существительные, оканчивающиеся на ics - physics, mathematics
PRONOUNS
PERSONAL
Common Case Objective Case
| POSSESSIVE
Absolute form
| REFLEXIVE
|
I ME
YOU YOU
HE HIM
SHE HER свой
IT IT
WE US
THEY THEM
| MY MINE
YOUR YOURS
HIS HIS
HER HERS
ITS ITS
OUR OURS
THEIR THEIRS
| MYSELF
YOURSELF
HIMSELF
HERSELF
ITSELF
OURSELVES
THEMSELVES
|
НЕОПРЕДЕЛЕННЫЕ МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ
И ИХ ПРОИЗВОДНЫЕ
+ some1) какой-то, 2) немного, 3) несколько
some of – некоторые из, кто-то из
-,? Any-«--«-
+ Any любой
Any ofлюбой из
| body (one)
| thing
| where
|
+ some
| Somebody (smb)
Someone
Кто-то
| Something (smth)
Что-то
| Somewhere
Куда-то, где-то
|
- ? any
| Anybody, anyone
Кто-то, любой
| Anything
Что-то
| Anywhere
Куда-то, где-то
|
no
| Nobody, no one
Никто, ни один
| Nothing
Ничего
| Nowhere
Нигде, никуда
|
every
| Everybody, everyone
Все, каждый
| Everything
Всё
| Everywhere
Везде
|
DEGREES OF COMPARISONS OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
|
POSITIVE DEGREE
| COMPARATIVE DEGREE
| SUPERLATIVE DEGREE
|
big
| bigger
| the biggest
|
pretty
| prettier
| the prettiest
|
early
| earlier
| the earliest
|
difficult
| more difficult
| the most difficult
|
EXCEPTIONS
|
good(well)
| better
| the best
|
bad (badly)
| worse
| the worst
|
many (much)
| more
| the most
|
little
| less
| the least
|
far
| Farther (расстояние)
| the farthest
|
| Further (время)
| the furthest
|
Much more difficult
| - гораздо труднее
|
Less interesting
| – менее интересная
|
As…as
| – такой …как
|
Not so…as
| – не такой как
|
Than
| -- чем
|
Be different from
| – отличаться от…
|
Be similar to
| – похожий на
|
To smell, test, sound, look, feel + adjective (but look, feel + well)
|
The (сравнительная степень)…the (сравнительная степень)
| - чем тем
|
Twice as much as
| – в 2 раза больше
|
Most of
| – большинство
|
As… as possible
| – как можно
|
ВРЕМЕНА АНГЛИЙСКОГО ГЛАГОЛА
| SIMPLE
| CONTINUOUS
| PERFECT
| PERFECT CONTINUOUS
|
P r e s e n t
| I, we, you, they +V Do? He, she, it + Vs Does?
always, usually, often, every day.
| am
is + V-ing
are
now, at the moment, while
| has + V-part.II
have
already, just, never, ever, still, yet, this week, for, since, recently, lately
| has + been + V-ing
have
for, since
|
P a s t
| V-ed Did?
V-2nd form
Yesterday, ago, last week, in 1900, when?
| Was + V-ing
Were
at 5 o'clock yesterday
| had + V-part.II
| had been V-ing
|
F u t u re
| Will + V Will? tomorrow
| will be V-ing
at 6 o'clock tomorrow
| will have + V-part.II
by 5 o'clock
| will have been V-ing
|
PASSIVE VOICE
General form: to be + Part II
| INDEFINITE
| CONTINUOUS
| PERFECT
|
P
R
E S E N T
| am -
are + V(Past Participle)
is
I am paid stipend regularly
| am
are + being + V (Past Part)
is
The plant is being built.
| has
+ been + V (Past Part)
have
The patient has been thoroughly examined. .
|
P A
S T
| was
+ V(Past Participle)
were
He was invited to the reception
| was
+being V (Past Part)
were
The wagon was being pulled by two horses
| had + been + V ( Past Part )
The documents had been signed by 3 p.m.
|
F
U T U R E
| shall
+ be + V(Past Part)
will
The patient will be injected pain-killer.
|
| shall
have + been + V (Past
Part)
will
|
СОГЛАСОВАНИЕ ВРЕМЕН
HE SAYS
| Одновременное действие
| Не works is working
Работает
|
HE SAID
| Одновременное действие
| Не worked
Was working
Работает
|
Предшествующее
действие
|
Нс worked Was working Работал
| Предшествующее действие
| Не had worked
Had been working Работал
|
Будущее действие
| Не will work
Will be working Будет работать
| '.'.WSs.'.'.'.'.'S.'Sf.'.'.-.-SJ-.'.'S.V.'S.'.-.'.-.-SS,
Будущее действие
| He would work
Would be working
Будет работать
|