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THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED KINGDOM



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The constitution of the United Kingdom is not codified. It is formed by statutes, by common law and by practices and precepts (conventions). There are three organs of government in the constitution: the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. The Crown is the supreme power in these three branches. The Queen calls and dissolves Parliament; she opens a new session with a speech from the throne. The Queen confers honours and appoints judges, army officers, diplomats, and officials of the Church of England.

Parliament consists of two houses - the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The House of Commons consists of 650 members. The term of the Commons is five years. Members of the House of Commons belong to one of the British political parties. The party that wins the majority of parliamentary seats forms a government with the party leader as prime minister.

The House of Lords has about 800 members, some of them represent political parties, and some are non-party-political members. There are also 26 archbishops and senior bishops of the Church of England. The House of Lords is not an elective body.

The functions of Parliament are to make laws, to appropriate money for various state purposes, and to provide a forum for debate. Legislation is initiated by the introduction of bills in either house.

The head of the government is the prime minister. The prime minister selects a Cabinet of ministers. The Cabinet develops the government’s policies and exercises control over government departments. Ministers are responsible for the work of those departments.

Local government is carried out by locally elected councils. There are numerous administrative divisions (counties, boroughs, districts, parishes), each with its own council. These councils are responsible for garbage disposal, water supplies, sewerage, and street cleaning. They also administer the police, fire services, education, health services and housing.

The judiciary is independent of the legislature and the executive. The system has civil and criminal divisions, and uses the jury system for trying persons accused of serious crimes. The courts most often used for civil cases are county courts. Cases that involve large sums of money are heard in one of the divisions of the High Court of Justice. There is a Court of Appeal, from which a further appeal is possible to the Supreme Court. Criminal cases involving minor offences are tried in magistrate’s courts.

 

Task 2. Translate the marked paragraphs into Russian.

 

Task 3. Put the questions to the following sentences using prompts in brackets:

  1. Criminal cases involving minor offences are tried in magistrate’s courts. (What courts …? Disjunctive)
  2. The system of local government has been reformed recently. (What …? General)
  3. The bill is being debated now in the House of Lords. (Where ...? Alternative)
  4. The Government will have submitted the program by the end of the month. (When ...? What body ...?)

 

4. Put the verbs in brackets into required Tense Form (Present Indefinite, Present Continuous, Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous Active)

1. I have to go now. The conference (to start) at 10 a.m. 2. Andrew (to go) to his Aunt Any next month. He always (to visit) her in summer and (to stay) there at least for a fortnight. 3. The Johnsons ... (to come) to see us next week. 4. What about having a smoke? - Oh, no. I (to smoke) 5 cigarettes today. 5. I (to shop) all morning, but I (not to buy) anything yet. I haven't seen anything I've liked. 6. Can I speak to Mr. Gunner? - Sorry, you can’t. He (to go) to Canada. 7. At this moment we... (to do) an exercise on tenses.

 

5. Put the verbs in brackets into required Tense Form (Past Indefinite, Past Continuous, Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous Active)

1. He (to lose) the game because he never (to play) tennis before in his life. 2. What you (to do) at the time of the accident? 3. She (to jump) into the river and (to rescue) the drowning boy. 4. I (to realise) I (to lose) my phone when I opened my bag. 5. I (to watch) a game when Mark (to phone). 6. They (to sit) in the room when the taxi (to arrive). 7. Alice closed the magazine and rose from the sofa on which she (lie) for more than two hours. 8. I hardly (finish) speaking with the porter when the phone rang again. 9. We (walk) along a forest road for two hours when we (to see) a house.

 

6. Put the verbs in brackets into required Tense Form (Future Indefinite, Future Continuous, Future Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous Active)

1. At this time tomorrow my brothers (to fly) to Iceland. 2. I... (to do) it whether they like it or not. 3. Don't ring him up at 11 o'clock tomorrow. He (to work) at that moment. 4. I promise I ... (to repay) next week. 5. By next winter he (to sold) all his assets. 6. He (to leave) by the time you arrive. 7. Не (to study) in London for two years when I come here next August.

 

7. Transform the following sentences from the Active Voice into the Passive Voice using the recommended beginnings.

  1. They cancelled all flights because of the fog. All flights …
  2. They will cancel the flight if there is fog. The flight …
  3. They have changed the date of the meeting. The date …
  4. The bill includes service. Service … in the bill.
  5. People don’t use this road very often. This road …
  6. They are building a new ring-road round the city. A new …
  7. I didn’t realize that someone was recording our conversation. I didn’t realized that our …

 

8. Transform the Direct Speech sentences into the Indirect Speech sentences.

1. “If you see him ask him to ring me”, she said.

2. “How many bedrooms are there?” Sally asked.

3. “I’ve attended two conferences this year,” he said proudly.

4. “I’m planning to visit Bremen,” he informed.

5. “I’ll start my next paper with the statement of the problem,” he stated.

6. He said, “I can ring the Bank Manager.”

7. She asked, “Explain to them what happened.”

8. “Don’t be late, please,” Margaret asked.

9. “When do you want to move in?” Mr. Bush asked.

10. “Have you been to the Job Centre?” Father asked.

11. “Are you definitely going to leave home?” he asked.

 

 

TEST 2B

Task 1. Study the text.

THE USA GOVERNMENT

Under the Constitution, the federal government of the USA is divided into three branches, each chosen in a different manner, each able to check and balance the others.

The executive branch is headed by the president, who is chosen in nation-wide elections every four years. The elective process for a US president is unique. Americans vote for slates of presidential electors equal to the number of senators and representatives each state has in Congress. The candidate with the highest number of votes in each state wins all the electoral votes of that state. The presidential candidate needs 270 electoral votes to be elected. Any natural-born American who is 35 years old or older may be elected to this office. The president proposes bills to Congress, enforces federal laws, serves as commander-in-chief of the armed forces and, with the approval of the Senate, makes treaties and appoints federal judges, ambassadors and other members of the executive departments. Each head of an executive department holds the title of a secretary and together they form a council called the Cabinet.

The legislative branch is made up of two houses: the Senate and the House of Representatives. The 435 seats in the House of Representatives are allocated on the basis of population; every state has at least one representative. Each state elects two members of the 100-member Senate: a senator’s term of office is six years.

Both houses must approve a bill for it to become law, but the president may veto, or refuse to sign it. If so, Congress reconsiders the bill. If two-thirds of the members of both houses then approve it, the bill becomes law without the president’s signature.

The judicial branch is made up of federal district courts (at least one in very state, total number - 94), 13 federal courts of appeals and, on top, the Supreme Court. Federal judges are appointed by president with the approval of the Senate; the appointments are for life. Federal courts decide cases involving federal law, conflicts between states, between citizens of different states. An American who feels he has been evicted under an unjust law may appeal his case to the Supreme Court, which may rule that the law is unconstitutional.

Each state has its own system of government which consists of the state legislature, executive and judiciary.

 

Task 2. Translate the marked paragraphs into Russian.

 

Task 3. Put the questions to the following sentences using prompts in brackets:

  1. Each state elects two members of the 100-member Senate. (How many members …? Alternative)
  2. The federal government of the USA is divided into three branches. (What government …? Disjunctive)
  3. The Cabinet have already been appointed. (What ...? General)
  4. The results of the elections will be known on Monday. (When ...? Why ...?)

 

4. Put the verbs in brackets into required Tense Form (Present Indefinite, Present Continuous, Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous Active)

1. I (to go) to buy a new phone tomorrow. 2. Numerous bridges (to link) the banks of the Themes. 3. They (to wait) here for two hours. 4. She (to dance) since she was eight. 5. Someone (to take) my books. I (to look) for them for ages, but I can't find them anywhere. 6. I (to wait) for two hours, but nobody (to arrive) yet. 7. Run downstairs, your uncle (to wait) for you. 8. Sorry, John (not to be) at home now. He (to travel) in France.

 

5. Put the verbs in brackets into required Tense Form (Past Indefinite, Past Continuous, Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous Active)

1. He (to work) there some time when that dreadful accident (to happen). 2. Where you (to go) when you (to get off) the train? 3. We (to ring) the police because the neighbours (to play) their music too loud. 4. David (to buy) his ticket the week before, so I don’t understand why he (to try) to get in without paying. 5. By the time she (to be) eighteen she (to visit) nearly every capital city in the world. 6. I (to see) my first baseball game while I (to live) in New York. 7. He told us they (to live) in this district since they had left Paris.

 

6. Put the verbs in brackets into required Tense Form (Future Indefinite, Future Continuous, Future Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous Active)

1. They (to enjoy) the Tahiti sun for two weeks by the time you come there. 2. By next month he (to write) his fourth play. 3. Maybe we (to play) foot­ball tomorrow. 4. You ... (to do) it, even if you hate doing it. 5. I am afraid it (to rain) all day tomorrow. 6. I... (to meet) you here at seven o'clock tomorrow. 7. We (to solve) this difficult problem by the end of the week.

 

7. Transform the following sentences from the Active Voice into the Passive Voice using the recommended beginnings.

  1. They are laughing at her. She …
  2. We will not make a decision. A decision …
  3. Somebody will show them the way. They …
  4. They are painting the walls green. The walls … green.
  5. Someone has stolen his bicycle. His bicycle …
  6. Nobody asked us to stay. We …
  7. The boss has offered her a better job. She …

 

8. Transform the Direct Speech sentences into the Indirect Speech sentences.

  1. He wondered, “Is Jane trying to get a job?”
  2. “What sort of heating do you have here?” Sally asked.

3. “I’ve visited several law firms,” he informed.

4. “I’m hoping to go to Perth,” she said.

5. He said, “My company will do it.”

6. “I will probably go abroad,” she informed.

7. “When you are driving look into your driving mirror”, said my instructor.

  1. “Take a couple of aspirins,” she recommended.
  2. Mother told, “Take it back to the shop where you bought it.”
  3. “How often do you want to attend the pool?” Sally asked.
  4. “Is there a chance to continue with your studies?” she asked.

 

TEST 2C

Task 1. Study the text.

THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS

Under the Constitution of 1994 the Republic of Belarus is a unitary democratic social legal state. The Republic of Belarus possesses supreme and absolute power on its territory; it independently exercises its home and foreign policy. The power in the Republic of Belarus is exercised on the basis of its separation into three branches: legislative, executive and judicial. The state bodies are independent within the limits of their authority: they interact, restrain and balance each other (the system of checks and balances).

The principle of the supremacy of law is established in the country. The State, all its bodies and officials act within the Constitution and laws adopted according to it. The Republic of Belarus recognizes the priority of universally recognized principles of international law and provides the correspondence of the national law to these principles.

The President of the Republic of Belarus is the Head of the State. He is the guarantor of the Constitution, the rights and freedoms of people and citizens. The term of office of the President is five years. The President possesses wide powers in all three branches of power.

The supreme legislative power of the Republic is Parliament - The National Assembly. It consists of two houses: the House of Representatives and the Council of the Republic. The House of Representatives consists of 110 members. They are elected in general elections. The Council of the Republic has 64 seats. It is formed by the 8x8 formula: each of 6 regions and the capital city of Minsk supply 8 members each, 8 members are appointed by the President. The term of office of the National Assembly is four years.

The supreme executive power of the Republic is the Council of Ministers. The head of the Council is the Prime Minister.

The supreme judicial power is the Supreme Court of the Republic. The Constitutional Court checks the constitutionality of laws and the acts of the government. There are also district and regional courts.

The local governmental bodies comprise councils of deputies and executive bodies. The local councils are legislative bodies. The members of the local councils are elected for the term of four years while the heads of the executive bodies are appointed by the President. There are regional and district courts at the local level, which are local judicial bodies.

 

Task 2. Translate the marked paragraphs into Russian.

 

Task 3. Put the questions to the following sentences using prompts in brackets:

  1. Local councils are elected for the term of four years. (What …? Alternative)
  2. The principle of the supremacy of law has been established by the Constitution. (What principle …? Disjunctive)
  3. The judicial system is being reformed. (General, Why ...?)
  4. The Government will be formed after the general elections. (When ...? How ...?)

 

4. Put the verbs in brackets into required Tense Form (Present Indefinite, Present Continuous, Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous Active)

1. Marcus (to finish) already with the letters and now (to look through) the report. 2. It is cold today. The weather (to change) since yesterday. 3. My uncle (to know) everything about roses. He (to grow) them for 35 years. Now he (to try) to produce a blue one. 4. I never (to hear) this story from my father. 5. He (to be) a reader of this magazine for years. 6. I can’t give you the book now. I (to read) it. 7. My father (to have) an important appointment tomorrow. 8. The employees (to receive) salaries twice a month.

 

5. Put the verbs in brackets into required Tense Form (Past Indefinite, Past Continuous, Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous Active)

1. They (to walk) in the garden for an hour when the storm (to brake out). 2. Paula (to drop) the cup she was holding and (to burst) into tears. 3. You (to work) in Spain this time last year? - Yes, I (to go) out there in '93. 4. She (to write) to her brother when he (to walk) through the front door. 5. Why you (not to speak) to Jim at the meeting yesterday? - Because he (to leave) by the time I got there. 6. The poor woman complained she (to have) trouble with her eldest son for a long time. 7. The waiter assured me that he (to look) for the watch everywhere. 8. He (to write) the whole composition during the lunch hour.

 

6. Put the verbs in brackets into required Tense Form (Future Indefinite, Future Continuous, Future Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous Active)

1. I (to speak) to the doctor by 11 a.m. tomorrow. 2. If you come at nine they already (to have) dinner. 3. When the train comes my parents (to wait) for me at the station. 4. I (to fin­ish) this book very soon; I (to read) it all day tomorrow. 5. "Yes, we... (to pay) in advance," she said at last. 6. By next September she (to work) here for five years.

 

7. Transform the following sentences from the Active Voice into the Passive Voice using the recommended beginnings.

1. They are operating on him at the moment. He …

2. They told me a lie. I …

3. They are making fun of him. He …

4. Somebody phoned for the police. The police …

5. Someone will tell us how to do it. We …

6. They require of pupils to change shoes when entering school. Pupils …

7. Nobody has slept in his bed. This bed …

 

8. Transform the Direct Speech sentences into the Indirect Speech sentences.

1. “Are you going to answer any advertisements?” he asked.

  1. “Write to Head Office about it,” he recommended.

3. “I’ve seen a lot of interesting things,” he said.

4. He said, “I’m writing my thesis now.”

5. “I’ll report the problem to the engineer,” he promised.

6. “I can’t promise you my assistance in this matter,” he said.

7. “Don’t leave the car on the road if you have a puncture ”, said my father.

  1. “Look in the cupboard,” Alisa said.
  2. “How far is it to the shops?” Sally asked.
  3. “What do you think of the flat?” Mrs Jennings asked.
  4. “Do you intend to go to Greece?” he wondered.

 

 

TEST 2D

Task 1. Study the text.

 



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