Т е к с т  1.  Fluorescence Microscopy

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Fluorescence microscopy is an enormously powerful tool for investigations in the biological field. Fluorescence microscopy is more than "just making colorful images in one, two, three or even more colors". Fluorescence techniques place numerous benefits in the hands of researchers, wishing to exploit the outer limits of sensitivity and resolution in microscopy. In this article, which was put together by experts from Olympus and Soft Imaging System, we focus on different state-of-the-art qualitative and quantitative imaging methods and we give an overview on principles, methods and biological applications. All of these require advanced microscopic and imaging equipment, which varies from case to case. This means that only general statements can be made here about the hardware and software used along with a description of the applications and methods.

Life at the Microscope

Wherever there is life there is dynamics - observation of living cells and organisms is a tremendous challenge in microscopy. Microscopy offers different techniques to reveal dynamic processes and movements of living cells. The use of fluorescent proteins and fluorescent live stainings allows a highly specific labelling of different organelles or molecules within a living cell. The intensity of the emission light of these markers can be used to image the cells.

You should keep in mind, that there are some general considerations. First of all, there is the definition of the needs for the specific environmental conditions and controlling these with regard to the specimen handling. Assuming you are using a cell line and would like to analyze processes over time, it may be necessary to provide appropriate environmental conditions for these cells. Dynamic processes in single cells can occur within a millisecond range - such as shifts in ion concentrations. Or they may take minutes - such as the active or passive transport of proteins or vesicles. Microscopes can be equipped with heating stages and/or minute chambers or with complete cultivation chambers to ensure cultivation of living cells with all the appropriate parameters on the microscope while observation is conducted for hours or days.

 

Vocabulary

fluorescence – свечение

enormously – чрезвычайно

tool – прибор, орудие

exploit – использовать

along with – наряду с

tremendous – громадный, потрясающий

reveal – обнаружить, открыть

staining – проявление

labelling – присвоение названий

organelle – органелла, органоид

image – отображать

with regard to – в отношении

specimen – образец

handling – обращение

cell line – колонии клеток

shift – зд.: изменение

vesicle – пузырек, везикула

minute chamber – малая камера

cultivation chamber – посевная камера

 

Задания

1. Найдите в тексте соответствия для следующих слов и словосочетаний:

следует помнить, чувствительность и разрешение, перенос протеинов, чрезвычайно мощное орудие (прибор), одиночные клетки, очень специфичный способ маркировки (наименования), предположим, обеспечить рост живых клеток, испускание света, многочисленные выгоды, определенные параметры, качественный и количественный методы, относительно умения обращаться с образцами, проводить наблюдения.

2. Выполните лингво-переводческий анализ текста.

3. Выявите систему языковых средств, оформляющих научный текст.

4. Определите, есть ли в тексте:

термины,

клише,

прецизионная лексика.

5. Выполните письменный перевод текста на русский язык, соблюдая специфику данного жанра.

 

 

Т е к с т 2. What is communication? From “SEMANТICS”
by John Lyons

 

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То say that language serves as an instrument of communication is to utter а truism. Indeed, it is difficult to imagine anу satisfactory definition of the term ‘language’ that did not incorporate some reference to the notion of communication. Furthermore, it is obvious, or has арpeared so to anу semanticists, that there is an intrinsic connection between meaning and communication, such that it is impossible to ас count for the former except in terms of the latter. But what is communication? The words 'communicate' and 'communication' are used in а fairly wide range of contexts in their everyday, pre-theoretical sense. Wе talk as readily of the communication of feelings, moods and attitudes as we do of the communication of factual information. There сan bе nо doubt that these different senses of the word (if indeed they are truly distinct) are interconnected; and various definitions have bееn proposed which have sought to bring them under some very general, but theoretical, concept defined in terms of social interaction or the response of an organism to а stimulus. We will here take the a1ternative approach of giving to the term 'communication' and the cognate terms 'communicate' and 'communicative' а somewhat narrower interpretation than they may bear in everyday usage. The narrowing consists in the restriction of the term to the intentional transmission of information bу means of some established signalling-system; and, initially at least, we will restrict the term still further – to the intentional transmission of factual, or propositional, information.

The principal signalling-systems employed bу human beings for the transmission of information, though not the оnlу ones, are languages. (...) It will bе assumed that the sense in which the terms 'signal', 'sender', 'receiver' and 'transmission' are being employed in this section is clear enough from the context. They will bе introduced and incorporated in а simple model of а signalling-system in the next section; and they will bе discussed with particular reference to language in later chapters.

А signal is commu п icative, we will say, if it is intended bу the sender to make the receiver aware of something of which he was not previously aware. Whether а signal is communicative or not rests, then, upon the possibility of choice, or selection, оп the part of the sender.

If the sender cannot but behave in а certain way (i.e. if he cannot choose between alternative kinds of behaviour), then he obviously cannot communicate anything bу behaving in that way. This, we say, is obvious; and upon it depends оnе of the most fundamental principles of semantics - the principle that choice, or the possibility of selection between alternatives, is а necessary, though not а sufficient, condition of meaningfulness. This principle is frequently expressed in terms of the slogan: meaning, or meaningfulness, implies choice.

'Communicative' means "meaningful for the sender". But there is another sense of 'meaningful'; and for this we will reserve the term 'informative' and the cognate expressions 'information' and 'inform'. А signa1 is i п formative if (regardless of the intentions of the sender) it makes the receiver aware of something of which he was not previously aware. 'Informative' therefore means "meaningful to the receiver". If the signal tells him something he knew already, it tells him nothing (to equivocate deliberately with the verb 'tell'): it is uninformative. The generally accepted slogan, that meaningfulness implies choice, сan thus bе interpreted from either the sender's or the receiver's point of view. It is worth observing, at this point, that sender's meaning involves the notion of intention and receiver's meaning the notion of value, or signifiсanсе. (…)

Under а fairly standard idealization of the process of communication, what the sender communicates (the information put into the signal, as it were, bу the sender's selection among possible a1ternatives) and the information, derived from the signal bу the receiver (which mау bе thought of as the receiver's selection from the same set of аlternatives) are assumed to bе identical. But there are, in practice, frequent instances of misunderstanding; and we must allow for this theoretically. (…)

 

Vocabulary

utter a truism – сказать банальность

incorporate – включать, содержать

obvious – явный, очевидный

intrinsic – внутренний, присущий

асcount for – объяснять

the former – первый (из 2-х названных)

the latter – второй (из 2-х названных)

in terms of – с точки зрения

fairly – вполне, довольно

distinct – отчетливый

cognate – родственный, близкий

bear – нести, иметь, обладать

intentional – преднамеренный

particular – конкретный, определенный

be aware – знать, осознавать

previously – ранее

sufficient – достаточный

slogan – лозунг, призыв, девиз

imply – предполагать, значить

reserve – сохранять

regardless – безотносительно

derive (from) – извлекать, получать

 

Задания

1. Выявите систему языковых средств, оформляющих данный научный текст.

2. Определите, есть ли в тексте:

термины,

клише,

прецизионная лексика.

3.Выполните письменный перевод текста на русский язык, соблюдая специфику данного жанра.