Inh. - inhumations; Crm - cremations; % Def. - % from defined individuals; % Tt - % from all individuals; Inf - Infans (infants); I - first infant age group 0-6,99 years; II- second infant age group up to 14,99 years;Juv-Juvenis (adolescents, 16-20 years of age); Ad - Adultus (adults); Mat - Maturus (matures); Sen - Senilis (senile); Ad+ - grown up individuals over 20 years; Undef. - undefined; Def. - defined; M - males; F - females
Inh
Crm.
Total
N
% Def.
N
% Def.
% Tt
N
% Def.
% Tt
Inf
I
43,48
29,67
55,10
35,63
48,31
II
8,70
3,75
5,08
Juv
1,45
3,30
6,12
2,50
3,39
M
7,25
20,41
10,99
12,71
9,38
Ad
F
15,94
10,20
5,49
13,56
10,00
Undef.
12,09
6,88
Mat
M
4,35
8,16
4,40
5,93
4,38
Balchik
F
7,25
4,24
3,13
Sen
M
8,70
5,08
3,75
F
Ad+
M
7,69
F
4,40
Undef.
21,98
Total
Def.
53,85
73,75
I
58,19
17,39
6,64
46,60
31,86
Inf
II
2,16
4,35
1,66
2,78
1,90
Undef.
5,81
2,95
Juv
5,17
3,26
1,24
4,63
3,16
Ad
M
3,45
6,52
2,49
4,32
2,95
F
7,33
15,22
5,81
9,57
6,54
Mat
M
11,64
34,78
13,28
18,21
12,45
Topola
F
9,05
18,48
7,05
11,73
8,02
Sen
M
1,29
0,93
0,63
F
1,72
1,23
0,84
M
14,11
7,17
Ad+
F
8,02
8,02
Undef.
24,48
12,66
Mat
Undef.
1,66
0,84
Total
Def.
38,17
68,35
Both necropolises show characteristic for the period high infant mortality, with infants in first age group 0-7 years reaching 48,31 % in Balchik and 46,6 % in Topola (Tabl. 1). Even the poor preservation of the material from Balchik, it seems that the series presents some sub-representation of individuals in this age group after the highest relative number of individuals at the age about 2 years at death (Fig. 2). Results, obtained in Topola, point to the highest value of the relative number of dead in infants at the age of about 0-1 year in the series from Topola, as expected for a population from the period. Correlation between age distribution in this age group between data from Balchik and Topola points to some insufficiency in the material in the first one. In Topola mortality slowly reduces in the next year (2 years at age). This situation is more to be explained with some specifics of the burial ritual in the earlier necropolis - the one in Balchik and isolation of the very young children from the rest of buried population, but taphonomic destructions are also highly possible. State of preservation of the materials from Topola allowed in most cases determination of postnatal month age of buried in first year age interval. Results point to the highest mortality after birth, in newborns, after which age it decreases and period to the end of the first year appear relatively equal risky for the infants (Fig. 1).
In both populations, sex distribution shows some predominance of females, presented with 56,25 % in Balchik and 52,5 % in Topola. When defined materials from cremations are added, in Topola both sexes nearly equal with 49,47 % males and 50,53 % females, while in Balchik is seen clear predominance of male sex with 56,45 %. This distribution is more to be explained by the used methods, in which fragments from massive individuals with bigger dimensions are determined as males, while those with smaller ones remain in the undetermined material, rather than with specifics of burial ritual.
Paleodemographic parameters are calculated for both populations only after results from age-sex identification obtained from inhumations (Tabl. 2). After specifics of the material in infant age, population from Balchik shows higher life expectancy in the first age group, which is to be interpreted as a result of sub-representation of small infants, rather than better survivorship. Such interpretation is supported by more favorable values of the demographic parameters, calculated for older age groups in population, buried by Topola. In both necropolises is registered an increment of mortality in late juvenile and early adult age about 16-18 to 20-24 years of age in both sexes, young females being more vulnerable. In distribution of values of relative number of dead in Balchik it is clearly visible for 20-24 years age interval, while in Topola this peak is shifted to the younger age at 16-18 years. In both populations is registered relatively
Sex
Age
d
l
q*
e
a
M (n=15)
20-24,9
10,00
0,10
27,66
50,17
40-44,9
13,33
66,67
0,20
17,25
59,75
60-64,9
26,67
40,00
0,67
4,17
66,67
F
(n=17)
20-24,9
17,65
0,18
20,88
43,38
Balchik
40-44,9
8,82
41,18
0,21
15,00
57,50
60-64,9
5,88
11,76
0,50
5,00
67,50
0-4,9
33,82
0,34
23,31
25,81
Total
20-24,9
6,62
47,06
0,14
23,75
46,25
(n=32)
40-44,9
5,15
25,00
0,21
16,32
58,82
60-64,9
7,35
11,76
0,63
4,38
66,88
M (n=37)
20-24,9
10,81
0,11
25,07
47,57
40-44,9
32,43
81,08
0,40
9,33
51,83
60-64,9
8,11
8,11
1,00
2,50
65,00
F
(n=37)
20-24,9
8,11
0,08
23,04
45,54
Topola
40-44,9
13,51
59,46
0,23
11,82
54,32
60-64,9
8,11
10,81
0,75
3,75
66,25
0-4,9
52,17
0,52
17,28
19,78
Total
20-24,9
3,04
32,17
0,09
24,05
46,55
(n=230)
40-44,9
7,39
22,61
0,33
10,38
52,88
60-64,9
2,61
3,04
0,86
3,21
65,71
Mean values for 0-4,9, 20-24,9, 40-44,9 and 60- survived (l); risk of dead (q ); life expectancy in
64,9 five-years age intervals years (e ); reached age (a );
Table 2
of relative number of dead (dx); relative number of M - males; F - females; n - included individuals
35 - 30 - 25 - 20 - 15 -
t
t
Л
0 -4
IU
(N m ^ и-) чо
постнатален ^ ° ^ ° години
Figure 1. Age distribution of individuals in the first infant age group 0-6,99 years
high number of people, who died at advanced age at about 55-60 to 65 years, which increases life expectancy in adults. High value of life expectancy by males in Balchik could be a result of distortion of age distribution by some preferences in burial ritual in older ages in population. Such preferences in practiced burial ritual for people at advanced age are supposed also for necropolis of Topola, on the basis of archaeological situation, this time more closely connected with females, buried in chocker position, in distinction of normally used in inhumations corpse position laid strained on spine. Values of life expectancy for first age interval of adults in both sexes, found in both populations, can be apprised as more favorable in relation to ones calculated for Hitovo (23,61 years for males and 19,37 - for females) and
Dibich (21,83 - for males and 20,74 - for females) in Bulgaria, and close to those evaluated for Sultana in Roumania with 24,9 and 23,3 years for males and females respectively (Necrasov, Cristescu, 1974).
Obtained results from analysis of the age- sex distribution of buried in both studied early middle age necropolises, along with typical archaic features of the pre-industrial society, point to a good survivorship conditions, proposing adequate model of environmental adaptation, expressed mostly in higher life expectancy for individuals, who have reached the age of adults and respectively higher relative number of individuals, who have died in advanced age. These features provided a stable basis for development of early middle age populations in biological and eventually in cultural aspect.
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