some new data in the field of … have been obtained
the causes of juvenile crime were determined
some unknown data were found
new criteria of …have been suggested
the dependence of crime on … was established
… is evaluated
the role of social factors was elucidated
a project was elaborated
some thirty criminal cases were thoroughly investigated
some adoption cases were investigated in detail
a thorough / careful / detailed / extensive / comprehensive study of … was made
a short / brief description is given
a detailed analysis of … has been carried out
an extensive study was performed of …
a method of … has been developed
the problem of …has been solved
it was found that
emphasis is given to / is placed on the necessity of reform in family law
special attention was given / paid to …
statistics were tabulated with special emphasis on juvenile delinquency
the obtained data show that …
the findings provide evidence for…
the fact gives strong evidence for (of)
…was / were checked, tested, verified
… was / were treated
… was / were collected
some data on (concerning) crime prevention among teenagers were obtained
the investigation shows / indicates / demonstrates ...
the results confirm / verify the validity of the assumption / the theory of …
the conclusion favours …
the findings contradict the assumption …
| получены новые данные в области ...
были определены причины подростковой преступности
были вскрыты неизвестные ранее факты
предложены новые критерии ...
была установлена зависимость преступности от ...
дана оценка / определены: значение, роль / выяснена, найдена, установлена причина (явлений или событий)
была выявлена роль социальных факторов
был разработан проект (в деталях)
было тщательно изучено около тридцати уголовных дел
было подробно изучено несколько дел об усыновлении
было проведено тщательное / подробное / обширное / исчерпывающее исследование (чего-л.) ...
дано краткое описание
проведено подробное исследование (чего-л.) …
проведено обширное исследование...
разработан метод ...
решена задача ...
было обнаружено, что ...
подчёркивается необходимость проведения реформ в области семейного права
особое внимание уделялось ...
были составлены статистические таблицы, причём особое внимание уделялось подростковой преступности
полученные данные свидетельствуют о том, что...
полученные данные свидетельствуют в пользу ...
данный факт служит сильным аргументом в пользу, убедительно доказывает
было проверено ...
было обработано ...
было собрано ...
были получены данные о предотвращении преступности среди подростков
проведённое исследование показывает ...
результаты подтверждают правильность предположения... / теории о ...
вывод свидетельствует в пользу ...
полученные данные противоречат предположению...
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Conclusions
Выводы. Заключения
allows / permits / enables us / one to conclude
allows / enables / permits us / one to make / draw / reach a conclusion / come to a conclusion that
it may be concluded that
…leads to a conclusion / makes it possible to conclude that …
a conclusion concerning (as to)
from the results it is concluded that …
it may be noted / stated that …
thus
therefore / consequently
as a result
we may infer from...
expected from
predicted from
can be explained from / can be interpreted from
suggested from
can be determined from
it can be deduced / derived (from)
calculated / computed (from)
the author of … concludes that …
from the obtained results / data … we infer that …
| позволяет (нам) сделать заключение
позволяет сделать заключение (вывод) относительно ... / прийти к выводу
можно сделать вывод, что...
приводит к выводу / даёт возможность заключить, что...
вывод относительно, (о) ...
на основании полученных результатов делается вывод ...
можно утверждать, что...
таким образом
следовательно
в результате
(на основании) ... мы можем сделать вывод ...
ожидаемый (на основании)
предсказываемый (на основании)
может объясняться (на основании, исходя из)
предложенный (на основании, исходя из)
может быть определено (с учётом, на основе, исходя из)
на основании ... можно сделать вывод...
вычисленный из (по, на основе) / рассчитанный из (по)
автор ... приходит к выводу, что...
на основании полученных результатов / данных мы делаем вывод ...
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Evaluation
Оценка
to estimate / evaluate
advantage / merit
limitation / disadvantage / drawback
fundamental advantage
chief / main advantage
great advantage
important advantage
essential advantage
marked advantage
obvious / distinct advantage
certain advantage
serious / severe limitation
some / slight disadvantage
to have / present / offer an advantage over
to combine the advantages of …
to have / suffer from limitation
to place / put / set / impose limitation (restriction) on
the advantage (the limitation) of …is / is that / is in that / is due to the fact that
of particular value is …
… is of great interest
…is the most comprehensive analysis
| оценивать, делать оценку
достоинство / преимущество
недостаток / недочёт / ограничение
основное преимущество
главное преимущество
большое, значительное преимущество
важное преимущество
существенное преимущество
ощутимое преимущество
очевидное / явное преимущество
определённое, некоторое преимущество
серьёзный недостаток
небольшой недостаток
иметь / обладать / давать преимущество по сравнению с (перед)
сочетать преимущества ...
иметь недостаток
накладывать ограничение на …
преимущество (недостаток) состоит (заключается) в том, что... / обусловливается тем, что...
особое значение имеет...
представляет большой интерес
представляет собой исчерпывающий анализ...
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Application
Область применения
to use / employ / apply
to be used / employed / applied / to find use / find (have) application / be applicable
application
wide application / wide use
limited application
various application
modern application
recent application
promising / perspective application
possible application
… is best suited / most suited
… is useful / is of use
serves to
serves as
is suitable
is efficient
is adequate
… may be recommended for
| применять / использовать
использоваться, применяться / находить, получать применение
применение
широкое применение
ограниченное применение
разнообразное применение
современное применение
новейшее применение
перспективное применение
возможное применение
наиболее подходит
применимый, полезный
служит для
служит в качестве
пригоден, годится
является эффективным, действенным
является подходящим, подходит
... может быть рекомендован для ...
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Assignment 2.Read the following annotations paying attention to the scientific phrases used in them. Give your own annotation of a book or article you have read dealing with the theme of your research work in law.
Law's Limits
(Annotation of the book by Neil Komesar, University of Wisconsin, Madison)
What law is can be determined by the character of the institutions that make, interpret and enforce law. The interaction of these institutions moulds the supply of, and demand for, law. Focusing on this interaction in the context of US property rights law and the debates about private property and the rule of law, Komesar paints an unconventional picture of law and rights shifting and cycling as systematic factors, such as increasing numbers and complexity.
This strain produces tough institutional choices and unexpected combinations of goals and institutions. It also frustrates the hopes for courts, rights and law embodied in notions such as the rule of law and constitutionalism.
Although there may be an important role for law, rights and courts both in the US and abroad, it cannot be easily defined. This book proposes a way to define that role and to reform legal education and legal analysis.
Taxation in the EU
(Annotation of the book of 352 pp. written by David Buch, Senior
Fellow, Centre for Law Studies, University of London)
In recent years the increasing European mobility of capital, firms and consumers has begun to constrain tax policies in most European countries, playing a major role in reforming national tax systems.
Buch uses the theory of international taxation to consider the fundamental forces underlying this process, covering both factor and commodity taxes, as well as their interaction.
Topics include a variety of different international tax avoidance strategies – capital flight, profit shifting in multinational firms, and cross-border shopping by consumers.
Situations in which tax competition creates conflicting interests between countries are given particular consideration.
Buck addresses the complex issue of coordination in different areas of tax policy, with special emphasis on regional tax harmonization in the European Union.
Also included is a detailed introduction to recent theoretical literature.
City Lawyers
(Annotation of the book written by Rebecca L. Nelson, Professor of Law at Northwestern University)
Over the past several decades, the number of lawyers in large cities has doubled, women have entered the bar at the unprecedented rate, and the scale of firms has greatly expanded. This immense growth has transformed the nature and social structure of the legal profession. In the most comprehensive analysis of the urban bar to date, City Lawyers presents a compelling portrait of how these changes continue to shape the field of law today.
Drawing on extensive interviews with Chicago lawyers, the author demonstrates how developments in the profession have affected virtually every aspect of the work and careers of urban lawyers – their relationships with clients, their tenure and satisfaction, income, social and political values, networks of professional connections, and patterns of participation in the broader community. Yet, despite the dramatic changes, much remains the same. Stratification of income and power based on gender, race, and religious background, for instance, still maintains inequality within the bar.
The author of City Lawyers concludes that organizational priorities will likely determine the future direction of the legal profession. And with this landmark study as their guide, readers will be able to make their own informed predictions.
Assignment 3. Read the articles given below, sum up the information and make use of it working on specialty and newspaper (media) texts.