Evolution through natural selection (Darwin / Wallace)

Этапы занятия.

I. Работа над лексикой текста Inheritance

Задание 1. Переведите на английский язык:

- сходство между родителями и потомством;

- отбор видов;

- генетическая последовательность;

- изменять ферменты;

- разнообразие нуклеотидных нитей;

- двойная спираль ДНК;

- сохранить разнообразие;

- изменчивость нуклеиновых кислот;

- изменять наследственность

 

Задание 2. Распределите слова по частям речи:

Similar, selective, heredity, vary, natural, adaptive, select, similarity, adapt, hereditary, variety, specify, requirement, stability, inherit, adaptation, nature, variable, selection, environmental, variability, stable, stabilize, require, specific.

 

Noun	Verb	Adjective

 

II. Грамматика – Времена Continuous/Progressive

 

Задание 1. Open the brackets and put the verb into Simple or Progressive tenses.

1) Be quiet, please. We (work) and you (make) a lot of noise.

2) He always (go) for a walk in the evening.

3) Where is Jack? — He (do) chromatography in the laboratory.

4) She (cry) when I saw her

5) In the morning I (have) little time, so I (plan) my experiment in the evening.

6) Turn off the gas. Don't you see the water in the tube (boil)?

7) The rats were still ill after experiment but they (get) better gradually.

8) Don’t call me tomorrow at 5pm. I (learn) Immunology principles.

9) The living standards (change). So, the equipment (get) more expensive day by day.

10) Mercury (boil) at 357.23 degrees Centigrade.

 

Задание 2. Find a mistake:

1) Don’t speak. The students is working.

2) This student is working for three hours every day.

3) Yesterday I sat at my workplace for the whole evening.

4) Ali is speaking Arabic. Arabic is his native language, but right now he is speaking English about biopolymers.

5) Peter's in the laboratory. He makes experiment.

6) I'm liking biochemistry.

7) I’m thinking Biochemistry is a very difficult subject.

8) Universities are staying open late in USA.

9) He's having a flat near the centre.

 

III. Ознакомительное чтение. Развитие ОК-6

Задание 1.

Прочтите текст и сформулируйте основные положения теории эволюции в восьми предложениях.

Задание 2.

При чтении и переводе текста найдите английские эквиваленты следующих слов:

Предшествующий, происхождение, соглашаться (принимать), разработать, представить результаты, важнейший (существенный), выдвигать (теорию), перепроизводство, приводить к чему-л., численность (популяции), постоянство, из-за чего-л. (на основании чего-л.), прослеживать (выяснять), соперничать, попытка (усилие), производить потомство, наиболее приспособленный, противостоять (выдерживать), выживать, подобное, благоприятный.

Evolution through natural selection (Darwin / Wallace)

Evolution is the process by which new species are formed from pre-existing ones over a period of time. It is not the only explanation of the origins of the many species which exist on the Earth, but it is the one generally accepted by the scientific world at the present time. Quite independently, Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace developed the same theory on the mechanism of evolution. As a result, they jointly presented their findings to the Linnaean Society in 1858. The essential features of the theory Darwin put forward are:

1. Overproduction of offspring.All organisms produce large numbers of offspring which, if they survived, would lead to a geometric increase in the size of any population.

2. Constancy of numbers.Despite the tendency to increase numbers due to overproduction of offspring, most populations actually maintain relatively constant numbers.

3. Struggle for existence.Darwin deduced that members of the species were constantly competing with each other in an effort to survive. In this struggle for existence only a few would live long enough to breed.

4. Variation among offspring.The sexually produced offspring of any species show individual variations so that generally no two offspring are identical.

5. Survival of the fittest by natural selection.Among the offspring there will be some better able to withstand the prevailing conditions. That is, some will be better adapted ('fitter') to survive in the struggle for existence. These types are more likely to survive long enough to breed.

6. Like produces like.Those that survive to breed are likely to produce offspring similar to themselves. The advantageous characteristics that gave them the edge in the struggle for existence are likely to be passed on to the next generation.

7. Formation of new species.Over many generations, the individuals with favourable characteristics will breed, with consequent increase in their numbers. The development of a number of variations in a particular direction over many generations will gradually lead to the evolution of a new species.

The evolutionary theory of Darwin and Wallace is based on the mechanism of natural selection. Let us look more closely at exactly how this process operates. Selection is the process by which organisms that are better adapted to their environment survive and breed, while those less well adapted fail to do so. The better adapted organisms are more likely to pass their characteristics to succeeding generations. Every organism is therefore subjected to a process of selection, based upon its suitability for survival. The organism's environment exerts a selection pressure. The intensity and direction of this pressure varies in both time and space.