Which part of London can be called its centre?

a) the City;            b) the West End;   c) the East End;     d) the Westminster;

What mountains separate England from Scotland?

a) the Cumbrians; b)the Highlands;    c)the Cheviot Hills; d) the Alps;

4. What's the capital city of Scotland?

a) London;             b) Edinburgh; c) Glasgow;           d) Cardiff;

5. Snowdonia, a national park famous for its mountain scenery, is located in …

a) England;            b)Scotland;            c) Wales;                d) Northern Ireland;

6. The United Kingdom is a …

a) constitutional monarchy; b) republic;            c) empire;   d) monarchy;

7. The Commonwealth was founded in …

a) 1950;                 b) 1949;                 c) 1945;                             d) 1961;

How many chambers does the British Parliament consist of?

a) one;                    b) two;              c) three;                             d) four;

What is the present ruling party in Great Britain ?

a) the Labour Party; b)the Conservative Party; c)Liberal Democrats;

The oldest royal residence is ...

a) Buckingham Palace;                             d) Covent Garden;

b) The Tower of London;             e) The City;

c) Westminster Abby;

11. I … understand her because I don’t speak Italian.

a) can’t;                             b) mustn’t;

c) needn’t;                        d) had to;

12. She tried to get out of the house, but … . The doors were locked.

a) couldn’t;                       b) wouldn’t;

c) was to;                          d) needn’t;

13. I … go in order not to be late at the meeting.

a) may;                              b) must;

c) have to;                         d) can;

14. He explained that they … for us at seven near the gate.

a) would be waiting;         b) will be waiting;

c) would wait;                   d) will wait;

15. I had no idea what the price of the book …

a) is;                                   b) has been;

c) will be;                          d) was;

16. We wanted to know where she … her holiday.

a) would be spending;                              b) was going to spend;

c) is going to spend;                      d) is spending;

The letters ... at the moment.

a) type;                  b) are being typed;

c) types;                 d) typed;

Guernica ... by Picasso.

a) has painted;       b) is painted;

c) paints;                            d) was painted;

The parcel ... yet.

a) has not been delivered;             b) has not delivered;

c) have not yet been delivered;                d) is not delivered;

Alpha Romeo cars ...in Italy.

a) made;                                                    b) make;

c) are made;                                              d) has been made;

Вариант 7

       cause - v заставлять; вызывать; влиять; причинять; п причина, основание; дело; общее дело; syn reason

clay - n глина; глинозем

consolidate - v твердеть, затвердевать, уплотнять(ся); укреплять; syn solidify

crust - n кора; геол. земная кора

decay - v гнить, разлагаться; n выветривание (пород); распад, разложение

derive - v (from) происходить, вести свое происхождение (от); наследовать

destroy - v разрушать; уничтожать; destructive а разрушительный

dissolve  v растворять

expose - v выходить (на поверхность); обнажаться; exposure - п обнажение

external - а внешний

extrusive - а эффузивный, излившийся (о горной породе)

force - v заставлять, принуждать; ускорять движение; п сила; усилие

glacier - n ледник, глетчер

grain - n зерно; angular grains - угловатые зерна (минералов); grained - а зернистый

gravel - n гравий, крупный песок

internal - а внутренний

intrusive - а интрузивный, плутонический

iron - n железо

layer - п пласт

like - а похожий, подобный; syn similar; ant unlike; adv подобно

lime - n известь; limestone - n известняк

loose - а несвязанный, свободный; рыхлый

make up - v составлять; n состав (вещества)

particle - n частица; включение

peat - n торф; торфяник

represent - v представлять собою; означать; быть представителем; representative - представитель; representative - а характерный, типичный

rock – n горная порода; igneous - изверженная порода; sedimentary - осадочная порода

sand - n песок

sandstone - n песчаник; fine- grained ( medium- grained, coarse- grained) - мелкозернистый (среднезернистый, грубозернистый) песчаник

sediment - n отложение; осадочная порода; sedimentary - а осадочный; sedimentation - n образование осадочных пород

schist - п (кристаллический) сланец; schistose - а сланцеватый, слоистый

shale - п сланец, сланцевая глина, глинистый сланец; clay - глинистый сланец; combustible …, oil … - горючий сланец

siltstone - n алеврит

stratification - n напластование, залегание

stratify - v напластовываться; отлагаться пластами; stratified а пластовый; syn layered, bedded

substance - n вещество, материал; сущность

thickness - n толщина, мощность

value - n ценность; важность; величина; значение; valuable - a ценный (о руде)

vary - v изменять(ся); отличать(ся); syn differ, change ( from); variable - а переменный; непостоянный; various а различный; syn different

 

Sedimentary Rocks

The rocks of the Earth's crust are divided into three main groups: sedimentary rocks, which consist of fragments or particles of pre-existing rocks; igneous rocks which have solidified from magma and metamorphic rocks. Metamorphic rocks have been derived from either igneous or sedimentary rocks.

Sedimentary rocks represent one of the three major groups of rocks that make up the crust of the Earth. Most sedimentary rocks have originated by sedimentation. They are layered or stratified. Thus, stratification is the most important characteristic of sediments and sedimentary rocks. It is necessary to note that the processes which lead to the formation of sedimentary rocks are going on around us.

Sediments are formed at or very near the surface of the Earth by the action of heat, water (rivers, glaciers, seas and lakes) and organisms.

It should be noted that 95 per cent of the Earth's crust is made up of igneous rocks and that only 5 per cent is sedimentary. In contrast, the amount of sedimentary rocks on the Earth's surface is three times that of igneous rocks.

Strictly speaking, sedimentary rocks form a very small proportion by volume of the rocks of the Earth's crust. On the contrary, about three quarters of the Earth's surface is occupied by sedimentary rocks. It means that most of sedimentary rocks are formed by sediments, accumulations of solid material on the Earth's surface.

The thickness of the layers of sedimentary rocks can vary greatly from place to place. They can be formed by the mechanical action of water, wind, frost and organic decay. Such sediments as gravel, sand and clay can be transformed into conglomerates, sandstones and clay schists as a result of the accumulation of materials achieved by the destructive mechanical action of water and wind.

Mechanical sediments can be unconsolidated and consolidated. For example, gravel, sand and clay form the group of unconsolidated mechanical sediments, because they consist of loose uncemented particles (grains).

On the Earth's surface we also find consolidated rocks, which are very similar to the loose sediments whose particles are firmly cemented to one another by some substance. The usual cementing substances are sand, clay, calcium carbonate and others. Thus sandstones are consolidated rocks composed of round or angular sand grains, more or less firmly consolidated. Like sand, sandstones can be divided into fine-grained, medium-grained and coarse-grained.

On the other hand, chemical sediments are the result of deposits or accumulations of substances achieved by the destructive chemical action of water. The minerals such as rock salt, gypsum and others are formed through sedimentation of mineral substances that are dissolved in water.

Sediments can also be formed by the decay of the remains of organisms, by the accumulation of plant relics.1 They are called organic sediments. Limestones, peat, coal, mineral oil and other sediments may serve as an example of organic sediments.

The most principal kinds of sedimentary rocks are conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, shale, limestone and dolomite. Many other kinds with large practical value include common salt, gypsum, phosphate, iron oxide and coal.

As is known, water, wind and organisms are called external forces, because their action depends on the energy which our planet receives from the Sun.

 

1). Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют содержанию текста. Подтвердите свои ответы фактами из текста.

1. The rocks of the Earth's crust are divided into two main groups.

2. Igneous rocks are composed of particles of pre-existing rocks.

3. Sedimentary rocks are stratified.

4. Sediments are formed by the action of glaciers.

5. Igneous rocks make up 75 per cent of exposed rocks.

6. Conglomerates are formed as a result of the accumulation of materials caused by the destructive mechanical action of water.

7. Sandstones are consolidated rocks.

8. Clays are unconsolidated mechanical sediments.

9. Chemical sediments are formed by the destructive chemical action of water.

10. Peat and coal are the organic sediments which are of great practical value.

11. Clay schist was formed at the beginning of the sedimentation period and clay was formed later.

 

2). Ответьте на вопросы :

1. What main groups of rocks do you know?

2. Do sedimentary rocks consist of particles of pre-existing rocks?

3. How were igneous rocks formed?

4. Do you know how sedimentary rocks have originated?

5. What is the most important characteristic feature of sediments?

6. Do sedimentary rocks account for 10 per cent of the Earth's crust?

7. Is gravel consolidated mechanical sediment? And what about sand and clay?

8. What are cementing substances? Can calcium carbonate be used as a cementing substance?

9. Are there only fine-grained sandstones?

10. What can you say about chemical sediments?

11. Can you give an example of organic sediments? How are they formed?