Таблица 1
Все времена действительного залога
(Tenses in Active Voice)
| Present
| Past
| Future
|
Simple
(Indefinite)
1. Факт
2. Регулярное действие
| He is a pupil.
Is he a pupil?
He goes to school every day.
Does he go to school every day?
every day (week), usually, often, always, seldom, rarely, never, sometimes, occasionally
| He was a pupil last year.
Was he a pupil last year?
He went to school yesterday.
Did he go to school yesterday?
yesterday, last year (week), ago
| He will be a pupil next year.
Will he be a pupil next year?
He will go to school tomorrow.
Will he go to school tomorrow?
next year (month), tomorrow, in (a week)
|
Continuous (Progressive)
действие, происходящее в определенный момент
(know, consider, believe, want, like, feel, love, think)
| He is reading now.
Is he reading now?
now, at present, at the moment, still, while
Look! Listen!
| He was reading.
Was he reading?
- at 5, the whole day yesterday
- from 5 till 7 last Sunday
- when I came
| He will be reading.
Will he be reading?
- at 5 tomorrow
- from 5 till 7 tomorrow
- when I come
|
Perfect
действие, совершенное к определенному моменту
| He has already read this book.
Has he read this book yet?
already, just, never, ever, yet, recently, lately, this year (week), today
| He had read the book.
Had he read the book?
- By 5 o’clock
- When I came
before, after
| He will have read this book.
Will he have read this book?
- by 5 tomorrow
- When I come
|
Perfect Continuous
(Perfect Progressive)
действие, начавшееся до определенного момента и продолжающееся в этот момент
| He has been reading the book
- Since 2 o’clock
- For 3 hours
But: I have known him for 2 years
| He had been reading the book for 2 hours
- By 5 o’clock
- When I came
| He will have been reading the book for 2 hours.
Will he have been reading the book for 2 hours?
- By 5 o’clock
- when I come
|
Таблица 2
Таблица всех времен в страдательном залоге
(Tenses in Passive Voice)
| Present
| Past
| Future
| Future in-the-Past
|
Simple
(Indefinite)
| Letters are written every day
| The letter was written yesterday
| The letter will be written tomorrow
| (He said that) the letter would be written the next day
|
Continuous
(Progressive)
| The letter is being written now
| The letter was being written at 5 o’clock yesterday
| ______
| ______
|
Perfect
| The letter has already been written
| The letter had been writtenby 5 o’clock yesterday
| The letter will have been written by 5 o’clock tomorrow
| (He said that) he would have been writtenby 5 o’clock the next day
|
Perfect Continuous
(Perfect Progressive)
| _______
| _______
| _______
| _______
|
Таблица 3
Правила согласования времен
(Sequence of Tenses)
Сдвиг времен в придаточном дополнительном при главном предложении в прошедшем времени
|
Present Simple –
Past Simple
Present Continuous –
Past Continuous
| Действие придаточного предложения происходит одновременно с действием главного.
|
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Past Simple
| Действие придаточного предложения предшествует действию главного.
|
Future – Future-in-the-Past
| Действие придаточного предложения совершается позже действия главного.
|
Употребляя простые предложения в роли придаточных дополнительных при главном предложении в прошедшем времени, сдвигайте времена, как указано в таблице:
He lives in New York.
I thought that he lived in New York.
Mother is sleeping.
I knew that mother was sleeping.
| Одновременное действие
Одновременное действие
|
He has returned from London.
I was told that he had returned from London.
He bought a new car.
I heard that he had bought a new car.
| Предшествующее действие
Предшествующее действие
|
He will send us a letter.
I supposed that he would send us a letter.
| Последующее действие
|
Таблица 4
Правила перевода прямой речи в косвенную речь
(Reported speech)
Косвенная речь
При переводе предложений в косвенную речь не забывайте заменять обстоятельства времени, как указано в таблице
|
Direct speech
| Indirect speech
|
now
today
yesterday
tomorrow
… ago
this …
these …
here
last year
last month
last …
next …
| then
that day
the day before
the next day
… before
that …
those …
there
the year before
the month before
the … before
the following …
|