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«MILLING MACHINE»

In a milling machine thecutter (фреза) is a circular device witha series of cuttingedges on itscircumfer­ence. The workpiece is held on a table that controls the feed against the cutter. The table has three possible movements:longitudinal, horizontal, andvertical; in some cases it can also rotate. Milling machines are the mostversatile of all machine tools.Flat or contouredsurfaces may be machined with excellent finish and ac­curacy.Angles, slots, gear teeth and cuts can be made by using various shapes of cutters.

Drilling and Boring Machines

To drillahole usually hole-making machine-tools are used. They can drill a hole according to some specification, they canenlarge it, or they can cut threads for a screw or to create an accurate size or a smooth finish of a hole.

Drilling machines (сверлильные станки) are differ­ent in size and function, fromportable drills to radial drilling machines, multispindleunits, automatic produc­tion machines, and deep-hole-drilling machines.

Boring (расточка) is a process that enlarges holespre­viously drilled, usually with a rotating single-point cut­ter held on a boring bar and fed against a stationary workpiece.

Shapers and Planers

The shaper (поперечно-строгальный станок) is used mainly to produce different flat surfaces. The toolslidesagainst the stationary workpiece and cuts on onestroke,returns to its starting position, and then cuts on the next stroke after a slightlateral displacement. In general, the shaper can make any surface havingstraight-line ele­ments. It uses only one cutting-tool and is relatively slow, because the return stroke isidle. That is why the shaper is seldom found on a mass production line. It is, however, valuable for tool production and forworkshops where flexibility is important and relative slowness is unimpor­tant.

Theplaner (продольно-строгальный станок) is the largest of the reciprocating machine tools. It differs from the shaper, which moves a tool past a fixed workpiece because the planer moves the workpiece to expose a new section to the tool. Like the shaper, the planer is intended to produce vertical, horizontal, or diagonal cuts. It is also possible tomount several tools at one time in any or all toolholders of a planer toexecute multiple simultane­ous cuts.

Grinders

Grinders (шлифовальные станки)remove metal by a rotating abrasivewheel. The wheel is composed of many small grains of abrasive,bonded together, with each grain acting as a miniature cutting tool. The process gives very smooth and accurate finishes. Only a small amount of material isremoved at eachpass of the wheel, so grind­ing machines requirefine wheel regulation. The pressure of the wheel against the workpiece is usually very light, so that grinding can be carried out onfragile materials that cannot be machined by otherconventional devices.

Vocabulary:

milling machine —фрезерный станок

series — серия, ряд

cutting edge — режущий край, острие

circumference — окружность

to feed— подавать

longitudinal— продольный

horizontal — горизонтальный

vertical — вертикальный

versatile — универсальный

flat— плоский

contoured — контурный

angle— угол

slot — прорезь, паз

gear teeth— зубья шестерни

drill — дрель, сверло, сверлить

hole — отверстие

to enlarge— увеличивать

thread— резьба

portable— портативный

unit— единица, целое, узел

previously — ранее

to slide — скользить

stroke— ход

lateral — боковой

displacement— смещение

straight— прямой

idle— на холостом ходу

workshop — цех, мастерская

to mount — крепить

holder — держатель

to execute— выполнять

simultaneous — одновременный

multiple — многочисленный

grinder— шлифовальный станок

wheel — круг, колесо

bonded — скрепленный

to remove — удалять

pass— проход

fine — точный

conventional — обычный

device — устройство, прибор

fragile — хрупкий

General understanding:

1. What is the shape of a cutter in a milling machine?

2. What moves in a milling machine, a table or a cutter?

3. What possible movements has the table of a milling machine?

4. What kind of surfaces and shapes may be machined by a milling machine?

5. What can we use a drilling machine for?

6. What kinds of drilling machines exist?

7. What is rotated while boring, a cutter or a work-piece?

8. Describe the work of a shaper (planer).

9. What must be done to execute multiple simultane­ous cuts on a planer?

10. What is the working tool in a grinder?

11. Can we obtain a very smooth surface after grind­ing and why? 12. Can we grind fragile materials and why?

Translate into English. Determine the Tense and Voice of the verb:

1. He left for Moscow. 2. The news will be of great interest. 3. They were speaking to him. 4. She studied many subjects. 5. He was much spoken about. 6. New subjects will be studied next term. 7. I am working now. 8. The text has already been written by them. 9. He studies at our school. 10. You are playing chess, aren’t you? 11. The text is being translated at the moment. 12. Do you work at this lab? 13. When I saw him, he was going home. 14. They will have passed their exams by 3 o’clock. 15. This book was written by our teacher. 16. We shall be writing our tests at 10 o’clock. 17. The work will have been done when he comes. 18. We translated this text. 19. The letter had been written before we came. 20. We shall inform you. 21. These toys are made in Japan. 22. Does he work here? 23. Is he working now? 24. The conference will be held in May. 25. Rostov was named after Dmitry Rostovsky. 26.What are you doing here? 27. This work must be done at once. 28. You may take my book. 29. I am often asked at the lessons. 30. This article was being translated when I came.

Вариант 2.