COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES
Higher education is given in colleges and universities. There are about 3000 institutions of higher education in the United States. Some of them are public, others are private. A public institution is owned and operated by a government. The cost of education in private institutions is paid by the students. Approximately 700 of all private institutions are controlled by religious groups. More than 30% of young American adults attend college. Each college or university in the USA has its own requirements for admission. Most of them require students to take a standard entrance exam. In addition some colleges require a personal interview. The most common college degree is a bachelor of arts, or a B.A. degree. This degree usually requires four years of study. During the first two years, a student often takes liberal arts courses to receive a general education. Liberal arts courses include the study of literature, languages and history. Then, in the last two years of college, a student focuses on major subjects, his or her specialization. Then the students may go on studying, and with a year or two of further study get a master’s degree. After another year or two of research, they may get a still higher degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.). Higher education trains people to become teachers, engineers, dentists or do other professional work. A university is larger than a college. The most well-known universities in the USA are Columbia and Michigan, Cornell, Nee York and Buffalo. Tuition and living costs at a state university might be about 1000 dollars a year. Private universities are even more expensive. Students are classified as freshmen (first-year students), sophomores (second-year students), and juniors (third-year students). All the students who have graduated from the senior class are called advanced students or graduate students. Some graduate students get grants or stipends, which cover the cost of their education.
Exercise I Find the equivalents of the following Russian words and word combinations in the text: Высшее образование, учебное заведение, приблизительно, взрослые, требования к поступлению, типовые вступительные экзамены, собеседование, бакалавр, гуманитарные курсы, сосредоточиться на главных предметах, обучение, первокурсник, второкурсник, студент предпоследнего курса, выпускник, стипендия.
Exercise II Arrange these words in suitable pairs bachelor courses higher for admission attend students private education requirements interview entrance exam liberal arts studying go on stipends graduate college get of arts personal universities
Exercise III Translate the words and word combinations in brackets using their equivalents from the text:
UNIT III: RUSSIAN FEDERATION TEXT A Vocabulary on a large scale-зд. в больших количествахplain-равнина a number of-ряд, несколькоto influence -влиять it is to be noted-cледует отметитьtemperate zone-умеренная зона the legislative branch-законодательная властьto create-создавать, творить the executive branch-исполнительная властьto carry out- выполнять the judicial branch-судебная властьto elect -избирать total-общий, всеобщийelection-выборы government -правительство OUR COUNTRY The total area of Russia is a little more than 17 million square kilometers. The population is about 160 million people. The capital of Russia is Moscow. The greater part of the territory of Russia is vast plains with low mountain ranges and long rivers. The Urals divide Russia into the European and Asian parts. The Volga and the Ural are the longest rivers in the European part of the country. The longest rivers in the Asian part are the Ob, the Yenisei and the Lena which flow into the Arctic Ocean. The world’s largest inland sea is the Caspian. Lake Baikal is the world’s deepest lake. As Russia is a very large country, its climate is very different. However, we can say that it is mainly continental. The Arctic Ocean influences the weather on a great territory of the country. In some parts of our country winter lasts as long as six months. The European part of Russia is in the temperate zone with warm or hot summers and rather mild winters. Our country is very rich in mineral resources; especially it is rich in gas, oil and forests which are exported to different countries on a large scale. From an agricultural country before the 1917 Revolution our country has become a highly developed industrial and agricultural state. After the Revolution heavy industry has been created; there have appeared such new branches of industry as aviation, machine-building, chemical, automobile and many others. A number of hydroelectric power stations have been constructed as well. It is to be noted that the first atomic power station in the world began operating in Obninsk near Moscow in 1954, the first atomic ice-breaker in the world was also built in Russia. For a number of years our country played a leading role in the field of space exploration. In 1957, the first artificial satellite (sputnik) in the world was launched in Russia. On the 12th of April we celebrate Cosmonautics Day in the memory of the first space flight carried out by Yury Gagarin in 1961. The new political system has brought great changes in all spheres of life in Russia. The Russian Federation is an independent state with a president at the head. The president is elected every four years at general elections. The political system consists of three branches of power:
There exist a great many political parties and organizations (political as well as social) in our country today.
Exercise I Answer the questions:
Exercise II Complete the sentences:
Exercise III Read and translate the dialogues: Dialogue 1 REPORTER: (Addressing Mr.Butler who headed an expedition to Kamchatka): How do you do, Mr. Butler? I’m Alexander Somov, a reporter for the St. Petersburg Times. MR. BUTLER: How do you do, Mr. Somov? R.: Our newspaper is very much interested in the results of your expedition. Have you had a good journey? Have you seen much of our country? B.: The journey was quite safe and comfortable. As to your country, it’s really very large. We especially felt it when were coming back by train. It was very interesting to cross the whole country from the Far East to St. Petersburg. R.: What impressed you most during your expedition? B.: First of all, it’s Kamchatka itself with volcanoes and unusually high geysers. R.: And what about Siberia? What have you seen there? B.: We have visited Irkutsk, Novosibirsk and some other industrial and cultural centers. We saw your beautiful Lake Baikal. We met many interesting people. I must say that Russians are very friendly. I’m very sorry, Mr. Somov, but we are in a hurry now. Goodbye! R.: Thank you for the interview, Mr.Butler. Goodbye! Dialogue 2 (Somov is phoning Mr. Butler on the next day) SOMOV: Is that you, Mr. Butler? Good morning! MR. BUTLER: Good morning, Mr. Somov! S: Could I ask you a few more questions, Mr. Butler? B: Yes, of course. I’m free now and I’m ready to talk to you. S: Mr. Butler, you have seen our Far East, Siberia, you have been to Altai. Is there anything else you would like to see? B: Yes, there is a region in your country which greatly attracts tourists. It’s the “Golden Ring of Russia”. I’ve heard a lot about it but I don’t know what it is. S: Oh, it’s a really popular tour which embraces a number of towns in Central Russia: Zagorsk, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Suzdal and some others. They are old Russian towns which are famous for their ancient architecture, churches and monasteries. If one wants to have an idea of the life of Russians a few centuries ago, one should certainly make this tour. You will admire an unusual excursion to the past and it will certainly help you understand present Russia much better. B: Thank you for your advice, Mr. Somov.
Exercise IV Make up your own dialogue on the topic. Exercise V Answer the questions:
TEXT B MOSCOW Moscow is the capital of Russia, its political, economic, commercial and cultural centre. It was founded 8 centuries ago by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. Historians have accepted the year of 1147 as the start of Moscow’s history. Gradually the city became more and more powerful. In the 13th century Moscow was the centre of the struggle of Russian lands for the liberation from the tartar yoke. In the 16th century under Ivan the Terrible Moscow became the capital of the new united state. Though Peter the Great moved the capital to St Petersburg in 1712, Moscow remained the heart of Russia. That is why it became the main target of Napoleon’s attack. Three quarters of the city was destroyed by fire during Napoleon’s occupation, but by the mid-19th century Moscow had been completely restored. After the October Revolution Moscow became the capital again. Now Moscow is one of the largest cities in Europe. Its total area is about nine hundred square kilometers (ancient Moscow occupied the territory of the present-day Kremlin). The population of the city is over 9 million. Moscow is one of the most beautiful cities in the world. The heart of Moscow is Red Square. It has more historic associations than any other place in Moscow. The Kremlin and St Basil’s Cathedral (Vasily Blazheny) are masterpieces of ancient Russian architecture. The main Kremlin tower, the Spasskaya Tower, has become the symbol of the country. On the territory of the Kremlin you can see old cathedrals, the Bell Tower of Ivan the Great, the Tzar-Cannon and the Tzar-Bell, the biggest cannon and bell in the world. St Basil’s Cathedral was built in the mid-16th century in memory of the victory over Kazan. There’s a legend that Ivan the Terrible blinded the architects Barma and Postnik, because he didn’t want them to create another masterpiece. There are a lot of beautiful palaces, old mansions, cathedrals, churches and monuments in Moscow. Now Moscow is being reconstructed and we all hope that in a few years the city will become even more beautiful. There are more than 100 museums in Moscow. The largest museums are the Pushkin museum of Fine Arts and the State Tretyakov Gallery. Other unique museums in Moscow include the All-Russia Museum of Folk Arts, the Andrei Rublev Museum of Early Russian Art, Alexei Bakhrushin Theatre Museum, Mikhail Glinka Museum of Musical Culture and many others. Moscow is famous for its theatres. The best-known of them is the Bolshoi Opera House. Drama Theatres and studios are also very popular. Moscow is a city of students. There are over 100 higher educational institutions in it. Moscow is the seat of the Russian Parliament (the Duma) and the centre of political life of the country. Names Ivan the Terrible –Иван Грозный Peter the Great –ПетрВеликий (Петр I) The Tzar-Cannon– Царь-пушка The Tzar-Bell – Царь-колокол The Bell Tower of Ivan the Great – Колокольня Ивана Великого St Basil’s Cathedral –собор Василия Блаженного the Bolshoi Opera House –Большой театр оперы и балета The State Tretyakov Gallery – Государственная Третьяковская Галерея Mikhail Glinka Museum of Musical Culture - Музей музыкальной культуры им.Глинки Alexei Bakhrushin Theatre Museum – Театральный музей имени Бахрушина the All-Russia Museum of Folk Arts- Всероссийский музей декоративного, прикладного и народного искусства the Andrei Rublev Museum of Early Russian Art-Музей древнерусского искусства имени А. Рублева The Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts–Музей изобразительных искусств имени А.С.Пушкина
Exercise I Answer the questions:
Exercise II Translate from Russian into English: Москва – это столица России с населением примерно (some) 9 миллионов человек. Москва – самый большой и один из старейших городов нашей страны. Она была основана Юрием Долгоруким в 1147. В 1997 году Москва отпраздновала свое 850-летие. Москва – крупный индустриальный и культурный центр. Здесь более 550 исследовательских институтов и более 80 высших учебных заведений (institutes of higher education), более 50 музеев, около 1000 библиотек. Москва- это политический центр России, где находятся президент, парламент и правительство.
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