Прочитайте и переведите текст устно, пользуясь словарем.

Комплект заданий

Для контрольной работы

(для студентов магистратуры заочной формы обучения)

по дисциплине

«Иностранный (английский) язык

В профессиональной деятельности»

Вариант № 1

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1. Each state has an independent system of courts operating under the constitution and laws of the state. Broadly speaking, the state courts are based on the English judicial system as it existed in colonial times, but as modified by statutory enactments; the character and names of the courts differ from state to state. The state courts as a whole have general jurisdiction, except in cases in which exclusive jurisdiction has been vested in the federal courts. In cases involving the federal Constitution or federal laws or treaties, the state courts are governed by the decisions of the Supreme Court and their decisions are subject to be reviewed by that Court.

2.  Cases involving the federal Constitution, federal laws, or treaties may be brought to either the state courts or the federal courts. Ordinary civil suits not involving any of these elements can be brought only to the state courts, except in cases of diversity of citizenship between the parties, when the suit may be brought to a federal court. By act of Congress, however, suits involving federal questions or diversity of citizenship may be brought to the federal courts only when the controversy involves $10,000 or more, so that all such cases involving a smaller amount must be brought to the state courts exclusively. In accordance with a congressional enactment, a suit brought to a state court that could have been brought to a federal court may be removed to the federal court at the option of the defendant.

3.  County courts of general original jurisdiction exercise both law and equity jurisdictions in most of the states; a few states maintain the system of separate courts of law and equity inherited from the English judicial system. Most states also maintain separate criminal and civil courts of original jurisdiction. In some states, the same courts of original jurisdiction deal with both civil and criminal cases; these courts usually have two levels, one handling misdemeanors and civil claims under $5000, the other handling felonies and civil claims over $5000.

4. Between the lower courts and the supreme appellate courts, in a number of states, are intermediate appellate courts which, like the federal courts of appeals, provide speedier justice for litigants by disposing of a large number of cases that otherwise would be added to the overcrowded calendars of the higher courts.

5.  Courts of last resort, the highest appellate tribunals of the states in criminal and civil cases and in law and equity, are generally called supreme courts. In New York state, however, the Supreme Court is a trial court, the highest appellate court of New York, as well as of Maryland, is called the Court of Appeals.

6. The state court systems also include a number of minor courts with limited jurisdiction. These courts dispose of minor offenses and relatively small civil actions. Included in this classification are police and municipal courts in cities and larger towns and the courts presided over by justices of the peace in rural areas.

7. The Supreme Court, free to draft its own agenda through the discretionary control of its docket, harmonizes conflicting interpretations of national law and articulates constitutional rights. The Supreme Court is helped at this crucial stage by the solicitor general, who represents the executive branch of government before the High Court. His influence with the justices affects their choice of cases to review.

2. Выполните лексико-грамматические задания на основе содержания прочитанного текста:

2.1. Выпишите из текста английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений:

действовать в соответствии с конституцией, предусмотренный законом, законодательный акт, гражданский иск, сторона (по делу), ответчик, уголовное (гражданское) дело, проступок, тяжкое преступление, иск, сторона в гражданском процессе, гражданский процесс.

2.2. Озаглавьте текст. Напишите аннотацию прочи­танного текста (не более 5-7 предложений).

Выпишите из текста 3 предложения, содержащие сказуемое в действительном залоге. Определите его видовременную форму. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

Выпишите из текста 2 предложения, содержащие сказуемое в страдательном залоге. Определите его видовременную форму. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

Выполните полный письменный перевод абзацев 1и 2.

Вариант № 2

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1. The guilt or innocence of persons charged with an offense against the criminal law is a matter to be decided in a court of justice. There are two methods of trying persons accused of criminal offences. One is by judge and jury in the Crown Court after committal for trial on an indictment; the other is summarily by a magistrates' court without a jury. With very few exceptions, all criminal proceedings in the Crown Court begin in a magistrates' court since an accused in the Crown Court must normally have been committed for trial there by a magistrates' court.

2.  A magistrates' court is normally composed of two or more justices of the peace, but the number must not exceed seven. Some statutes permit particular offences to be tried by a single justice but such instances are rare. The normal sittings of a magistrates' court take place in a properly appointed courthouse on appointed days of the week. In England and Wales the initial decision to begin criminal proceedings normally lies with the police. Once the police have brought a criminal charge, the papers are passed to the Crown Prosecution Service which decides whether the case should be accepted for prosecution in the courts or whether the proceedings should be discontinued. In Scotland public prosecutors (procurators fiscal) decide whether or not to bring proceedings. In Northern Ireland there is a Director of Public Prosecutions. In England and Wales (and exceptionally in Scotland) a private person may institute criminal proceedings. Police may issue cautions, and in Scotland the procurator fiscal may warn, instead of prosecuting.

3.  The Crown Prosecution Service was established in England and Wales by the Prosecution of Offenses Act 1985. The Director of Public Prosecutions is the head of the Service, which is responsible for the prosecution of criminal offences in magistrates' courts and the Crown Court. The Service is divided into 31 areas with a locally based Chief Crown Prosecutor, heading each. He is appointed by the Director of Public Prosecutions. The Service provides lawyers to prosecute cases in the magistrates' courts and briefs barristers to appear in the Crown Court. Although the decision to prosecute is generally delegated to the Chief Crown Prosecutors, some cases are dealt with by the head-quarters of the Service; these include cases of national importance, exceptional difficulty or great public concern and those, which require that suggestions of local influence be avoided. Such cases might include terror­ist offenses, breaches of the Official Secrets Act, large- scale conspiracies to import drugs and the prosecution of police officers.

4. Discharging his duties through the Crown Office, the Lord Advocate is responsible for prosecutions in the High Court of Justiciary, sheriff courts and district courts in Scotland. There is no general right of private prosecution; with a few minor exceptions crimes and offenses may be prosecuted only by the Lord Advocate or his deputies or by the procurators fiscal, who are the Lord Advocate's local officials. Crimes prepared and tried before the sheriff and district courts, procurators fiscal prosecute them. The police and other law enforcement agencies investigate crimes and offenses and report to the procurator fiscal, who decides whether or not to prosecute subject to the directions of Crown Counsel.

2. Выполните лексико-грамматические задания на основе содержания прочитанного т екста :

2.1. Выпишите из текста английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений:

вина, невиновность, предъявлять обвинение, уголовное преступление, рассматривать в суде, обвиняемый, обвинительный акт, уголовное судебное разбирательство, обвинение (сторона уголовного процесса), нарушение закона, расследовать, гражданский служащий.

2.2. Озаглавьте текст. Напишите краткую аннотацию прочи­танного текста (не более 5-7 предложений).