КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 2

Вариант № 1.

(Выполняется студентами, фамилии которых начинаются с букв А – З).

I.    Прочитайте и переведите следующий текст.

THE USA AS A FREE MARKET SYSTEM

1. The American economy is a dynamic, free-market system that is constantly developing out of the choices and decisions made by millions of citizens who play multiple, often overlapping roles of consumers, producers, investors and voters. The United States is generally believed to be a mixed economy, which is to say that even though the great majority of productive resources are privately owned, the federal government does play an important role in the market place.

2. The 'New Deal' programs of the 1930s brought the greatest expansion of the government role. New laws were passed regulating many economic activities - from sales of stocks to the right of workers to form unions. Moreover, the government began to provide workers with a measure of economic security in their old age. The Social Security program, enacted in 1936, still ensures that retired people have a regular income each month, and has been expanded to help them meet their medical costs.

3. But the pendulum has also swung the other way. In the 1970s and 1980s, with taxes steadily rising and the US economy standing, new national leaders were determined to cut government spending and levels of taxation, and in other ways to reduce government influence over the private sector. Their goal was to stimulate the private sector initiative and investment which is the engine that drives free-market economies.

4. Once a nation of farmers, the United States was chanted dramatically by successful adaptation of the machinery and production processes of the Industrial Revolution.

5. Beginning in 1870 and lasting for around a century, the United States became the world's manufacturing power-house leading the world in the production of steel, automobiles and other products. Since the 1960s, another transformation has been taking place, as new service-based and information-processing industries gradu­ally replace some of the old branches of the traditional industrial base. By the 1990s, advances made in such fields as chemistry, electronics and biotechnology were producing goods and services ranging from semicon­ductor circuits to laser surgery. Similarly, new farming technology has transformed the American agricultural sector, allowing more food and fiber to be produced by a constantly dwindling number of farmers.

II. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских слов и словосочетаний:

1) динамичная система свободного рынка; 2) потребители; 3) производители;  4) вкладчики; 5) избира­тели; 6) производственные услуги; 7) расширение роли правительства; 8) принять законы; 9) экономиче­ская деятельность; 10) продажа акций; 11) программа социального обеспечения; 12) пенсионеры; 13) сократить расходы правительства; 14) уровень налогообложения; 15) частный сектор;      16) осваивание механизмов и производственных процессов; 17) отрасли промышленности, предоставляющие новые ус­луги и обработку информации; 18) достичь прогресса, продвижения; 19) интегральные схемы на полу­проводниках; 20) лазерная хирургия.

III.  Выпишите из первого абзаца текста одно предложение с причастием прошедшего времени { Participle II ) в функции определения, подчеркните .

IV.  Выпишите из пятого абзаца текста одно предложение с герундием.

V. Выпишите из третьего абзаца текста одно предложение с независимым причастным оборотом.

VI. Выпишите из первого абзаца текста одно предложение с субъектным инфинитивным обо­ ротом.

VII. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:

1. What is the American economy like?

2. What did the New Deal programs bring to the country?

3. What does the Social Security program ensure?

4. What was the US government goal in the 1970s and 1980s and why?

5. By what was the USA changed from a nation of farmers into an industrial country?

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 2

Вариант № 2.

(Выполняется студентами, фамилии которых начинаются с букв И – О).

I. Прочитайте и переведите следующий текст.

THE US ECONOMY

1. Every economic system tries to anticipate and then meet human needs through the production and distribution of goods and services. The economic system is the mechanism that brings together natural resources, the labor supply, technology, and the necessary entrepreneurial and managerial talents. Although the type of economic system used by a nation is the result of a political decision, it is also in even larger part the result of a historical experience that, over time, becomes a national culture.

2. The first ingredient of an economic system is the natural resources from which goods are produced. The United States is a land rich in mineral resources and fertile farm soil, together with a moderate climate.

3. Second, the amount of available labor helps determine the health of an economy. Generally, the United States has been fortunate in having enough people to provide the labor necessary for a constantly expanding economy.

4. Although the United States has sometimes experienced periods of acute unemployment or the reverse, labor shortages, on the whole, immigrants came when work was plentiful. The US economy usually grew fast enough to absorb the newcomers, provided they were willing to work productively at slightly less than the wage rates paid to acculturated workers. Overall, immigrants prospered, earning far more than they would have in their native lands, and the economy of the nation prospered as well.

5. Large blocks of resources must be available for major investments. In America, entrepreneurs accumulate money and then invest in projects - buy supplies, hire workers and sell products that seem to give a high return on the original investment. This is determined on the basis of an assessment of the wants and needs of those who buy goods and services - what is known as consumer demand.

6. In the United States, the corporation has proved to be an effective device for accumulating funds for in vestment. This is a voluntary association of owners, known as stock-holders, who form a business enterprise that is marked by limited liability. The first entrepreneurial investment of capital having been made, modern America has developed a chain of managerial command whose job is to see that the business runs smoothly and efficiently.

II. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских слов и словосочетаний:

1) предвидеть, предвосхищать; 2) удовлетворять нужды; 3) производство и распределение товаров и услуг; 4) таланты предпринимателя и руководителя;     5) составная часть; 6) природные ресурсы; 7) быть богатым минеральными ресурсами; 8) плодородная почва; 9) умеренный климат; 10) острая безработи­ца;  11) нехватка рабочей силы; 12) местные работники; 13) процветать; 14) быть доступным; 15) соби­рать, накапливать деньги; 16) возврат капитала; 17) оценка желаний и потребностей; 18) потребитель­ский спрос; 19) акционеры; 20) предприятие с ограниченной ответственностью.

III.  Выпишите из 1, 4 абзацев текста по одному предложению с причастием прошедшего времени { Participle II ) в функции определения, подчеркните причастие.

IV.  Выпишите из 3, 6 абзацев текста по одному предложению с герундием.

V. Выпишите из шестого абзаца текста одно предложение с независимым причастным оборо­ том.

VI . Выпишите из 5, б абзацев текста по одному предложению с субъектным инфинитивным оборотом.

VII. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы.

1. How does every economic system try to anticipate and meet human needs?

2. What is meant by the economic system?

3. What is the type of economic system determined by?

4. What are the ingredients of an economic system?

5. What makes entrepreneurs invest in projects?