Кандидат/доктор филологических наук - candidate / doctor of philology

The literal translation philologyis preferable here to artsor any of the other words discussed in connection with the translation of филологический факультет. Neither candidate/doctor of artsnorcandidate/doctor of languages and literature are English terms, and in any case the wordscandidate and doctorare themselves literal translations here. However, candidate/doctor of philology will mean nothing to an English person unfamiliar with the Russian system unless some explanation is given.

Кандидат / доктор философских наук — candidate / doctor of philosophy

It may be necessary to explain that doctor of philosophy is not the same as the English degree of that name.

Кандидат / доктор психологических наук — candid ate / doctor of psychology

Кандидат / доктор педагогических наук— candidate/doctor of education

Pedagogical science or pedagogicsis possible, although very learned, and not so easily understood.

Кандидат / доктор экономических наук — candidate/doctor of economics

Кандидат / доктор юридических наук — candidate/doctor of law

The names of the other degrees can be translated in a similar way.

 

Диссертация

The usual British English equivalent is thesis, which is applied to both the Master's degree and the doctorate. Dissertation is used either as a general term, to denote any extended written treatment of a subject, or more specifically, to denote something of a lower academic standard than a thesis, for example, what students write for graduation in some institutions.

In American English, however, dissertation is used for a doctorate, whereasthesisdenotes something of a lower standard, for example, for a Master's degree.

Защита диссертации, защищать диссертацию

It should be noted that there is nothing of this kind in England, although the oral (examination) or vivafulfills basically the same function.Defend and defensecan be used as translations, so long as one bears in mind that they are not real equivalents. In some cases one can avoid the difficulty by re-phrasing the sentence.

 

В 2001 году он защитил кандидатскую/докторскую

Диссертацию.

In 2001 he was awarded his candidate's/doctor's degree.

 

Research

The most detailed definition of this word is given by Webster: "studious inquiry or examination, esp. investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws."

In higher educational establishments researchis often contrasted withteaching.

 

A. The job combines teaching and research.

B. He spent so much time on teaching that there was not much left for research.

Research can be translated as исследование, (научно-)исследовательская работа, научная работаorнаука, depending on the context.

The word research is usually uncountable, as in the examples given above. A particular investigation is not called a research but a piece of research (or an investigation/study). Sometimes, however, research is used countably in the plural.

 

a. His researches produced some interesting results.

Research may also be used as a verb, often into.

 

b. He is researching into the^{origin of language}

^{problem of air pollution.}

 

 

More often, however, the expressions to do research or to be engaged in research are used in this sense (see below).

The prepositions on, in and intoare used with the noun research, as follows.

On is used with a more or less specific subject.

 

C. I'm doing research on place names / Shelley / the history of the trade union movement.

In is used with the fieldof investigation.

d. He is famous for his research in linguistics / history / microbiology.

 

Into occurs less often, mainly with words such as problem, cause,relation, origin.

E. Recent research into the causes of heart disease has led

To some important discoveries.

 

Researchis used in the following expressions: to do research (on/in/into smth.)

 

A. He's doing research on programmed learning.

B. Very little research has been done in this field.

To do researchwith no adverbial modifier specifying the sub­ject or field often means to be a postgraduate student, or, as this is also called, a research student.

C. Students who get first-class degrees are usually given the