Изучите рекомендации по формированию умения извлекать необходимую информацию из прочитанного

Учащимся следует:

 

· Внимательно прочитать задания, для того чтобы знать, какую информацию следует искать в тексте

· Ограничить время выполнения задания, так как извлечение необходимой информации не требует внимательного прочтения всего текста

· Быстро просмотреть текст, чтобы понять, о чем он

· Помнить, что задания всегда стоят перед текстом, и это позволяет рационально тратить время на его выполнение

· Знать, что лексическое наполнение задания и текста не совпадают, поэтому в тексте нужно искать синонимичные выражения

· Подчеркнуть ключевые слова в задании и предположить, какие синонимы искать в тексте

 

Этапы выполнения задания:

 

Этап 1: внимательно прочитайте инструкцию к заданию

You are going to read some short texts in which people talk about their smoking habits. Answer questions 1-10 by choosing from the people A – H. Where more than one answer is required, these may be given in any order.

Этап 2: бегло просмотрите текст, чтобы понять, о чем он, обращая внимание на заголовок

A Ambrose Herlihy Journalist I refuse to employ non-smokers. They always gang up and try to stop everyone else from smoking. Anti-smoker; are so bossy. There's nothing to prove that passive smoking causes cancer. Actually, I gave up recently because I was wheezy and very short of breath, butIt won't last. I tried to stop once before. I had electric shock treatment, which was extremely expensive, and I stopped for three months, but then I went back to it.

B Ann Gore Editor I started when I was at university. Everyone else seemed to be doing it. I only realized I was hooked when I discovered I'd run out late one night and walked for miles through the pouring rain to find a shop that was still open I tell people that I smoke about 30 cigarettes a day but it can be much more. When I'm on a story, and existing on two hours' sleep a day, I smoke non­stop. I don't even enjoy it.

C Susane Peterson Novelist There's no point giving up. 'Smoking will soon be considered good for us and people with dirty, wasted lungs will have more resistance than people with fresh, tender lungs. That's my excuse anyway, I did stop once for 48 hours after visiting a local shop The owner, who always had a cigarette m her mouth, had died of 'lung cancer. That upset me a lot because it was someone I knew. Actually, I'm a bit suspicious of people who don't smoke. I suppose I think they're rather cowardly.

D Michel Mager Actor In 26 years I probably haven't gone without a cigarette for more than six hours, except when I'm asleep. I smoke the second I wake up, and would be uncertain how to approach the day without one No, I've never tried to give up In New York anti-smokers are very aggressive; people gesticulate at you in the street. 8ut m England, I've only been subjected to exaggerated waves of the hand ti restaurants, or to whispered comments I certainly hope that our six-year-old daughter won't smoke.

E Adrian Daniels Dancer and choreographer I retain an old-fashioned image of smoking. I see it as attractive and rebellious, and was a pre-10-year-old smoker. A lot of dancers smoke. It's the hanging around and tension that get to you. I'm sure I'd notice a difference in my dancing if I stopped, but I've never tried. I don't doubt the health risks Most of my friends smoke and my partner does too. Isuppose I might be more self-conscious about it, if they didn't.

F Joanne Archer Freedom Organisation for the Right to Enjoy Smoking Tobacco It's not the best thing you can do for your health, but if you have an introverted personality and suffer from stress, cigarettes can become your best friend. When my husband died last year, I would, have been utterly lost without cigarettes. The mood against smokers is openly hostile There should be restricted areas for smokers m ail public places I've tried to give up twice, due to chest problems, but I'm not happy with my personality as a non-smoker.

G Julian Carter Doctor Most doctors don't smoke. There are only about 8% of us who still do, but two years ago I replaced my cigarette habit with cigars. My wife forced me to give up. I was on around 15 a day. It all started when I was at university. There was a lot of hanging around and talking, and smoking was very much a part of that. Now I limit myself to two cigars a day My views are changing. Now I believe that smoking is anti­social.

H Kate Сlements Model I started to smoke at boarding school when I was 14, but gave it up pretty quickly. Two weeks after I'd quit, the headteacher found an empty packet inmy drawer and I was suspended from school for two weeks. I thought, 'If I'm going to be suspended anyway, I might as well smoke.' Now I get through 10-15 a day. At the end of each photographic shoot, I'll light up I've tried to give up, but gained weight and became so bad-tempered that I started again Even at 21 I'm short of breath, and feel lousy until I've had my first cigarette.

Этап 3: внимательно прочитайте задания, для того чтобы знать какую информацию необходимо искать в тексте

Who: 1 has never tried to stop smoking? 2 doesn't believe in the harmful effects of passive smoking? 3 is in minority in her/ his profession? 4 was shocked when someone she/he knew died of cancer? 5 found smoking helped her/ him to get over a personal tragedy? 6 was punished after she/he had stopped smoking? 7 admits to having smoking-related health problems? 8 started smoking as a student? 9 found the effects of giving up smoking unacceptable? 10 had special treatment to stop her/him smoking?

 

РМ № 21

 

Этап 4: подчеркнуть ключевые слова в задании

Например: в задании 1 – ключевое слово – 'stop'

в задании 2 – 'harmful effects'

в задании 3 – 'professions'

Найдите ключевые слова в остальных заданиях.

 

Этап 5: предположите, какие синонимы или синонимичные выражения можно встретить в тексте?

Для этого полезно на начальных этапах продумывать вопросы, которые могут помочь справиться с этим заданием.

 

Например:

К 1ому заданию - What other words could be used instead of stop?
Ко 2 ому - What are the harmful effects of passive smoking?
К 3ьему - In which professions might you expect people not to smoke?
К 4ому - What other words have a similar meaning of shocked? К 5ому - Think of some examples of personal tragedies.
К 6ому - Who might punishsomeone for smoking?
К 7ому - Name some smoking-related problems.
К 8ому - Which word is often associated withstudent? К 9ому - Think of immediate negative effectsof stopping smoking. К 10ому - What treatmentcan people have to help them stop smoking?

 

РМ № 22

Этап 6: Выполните задание, находя ответы в текстах. Если ответ на вопрос можно

найти в нескольких текстах, то ответ можно дать в любой последовательности.

 

Who:

1. has never tried to stop smoking?

2. doesn't believe in the harmful effects of passive smoking?

3. is in minority in her /his profession?

4. was shocked when someone she/he knew died of cancer?

5. found smoking helped her/ him to get over a personal tragedy?

6. was punished after she/he had stopped smoking?

7. admits to having smoking-related health problems?

8. started smoking as a student?

9. found the effects of giving up smoking unacceptable?

10. had special treatment to stop her/him smoking?

 

 

 

РМ № 23

Данное задание проверяет умение понять прочитанное посредством логической связи между предложениями. Чтобы сформировать у учащихся это умение, необходимо научить их определять логические связи между предложениями. Например, они должны понимать, что если первое предложение «D», то вторым может быть только «H», потому что «a boy» в «D» соотносится с «he» в «H».

Задание:

Расположите предложения A-L в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный рассказ «Мальчик и Змея». Предложениям Aи F уже даны их порядковые номера. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу, приведенную ниже.

Определяя порядковый номер каждого предложения, объясняйте свой выбор.

A.

There had been an early frost the night before and the snake had been caught out in it.

 

B.

‘Why did you bite me?’ the boy said. ‘You said you would not bite me if I picked you up.

 

C.

‘That is so,’ said the snake, ‘but when you picked me up, you knew I was a snake.’

 

D.

Once there was a boy who was very softhearted.

 

E.

‘Help me,’ the snake said in a pitiful voice. ‘Pick me up, warm me or I’ll die.’

 

F.

So the boy took pity on the snake. He picked it up. He held it close to him so that it would be warmed by his body.

 

G.

Then a wonderful thing happened. The snake opened up his mouth and spoke to him.

 

H.

One morning, as he was walking along, he saw a snake by the side of the road.

 

I.

The snake was stiff with cold. The boy stopped to look at it, feeling sorry for the snake.

 

J.

The snake grew warmer and less stiff. And then - Whah! It bit the boy on his arm.

 

K.

‘No’, said the snake. ‘I will not bite you. Pick me up, hold me close to you, warm me or I’ll die.’

 

L.

‘But if I pick you up, you will bite me,’ the boy said.

 

		A						F

РМ № 24

Задание:

 

Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски 1 – 6частями предложений A – G. Одна из частей в списке A – G лишняя. Перенесите ответы в таблицу.

A person will sometimes announce that he is going to have a good sleep to “charge up his batteries” or to “build up a reserve of energy”. Sleep is obviously a restorer, but researchers have not been able to discover the exact nature of the processes involved. We do know, however, that most people awake feeling refreshed and energetic 1 ___________. We also know that when a person is deprived of sleep, he is likely to feel certain unfavorable results the following day. There are no significant effects on such physiological functions as metabolism 2__________.

Simple mental operation, such as adding figures, is usually not affected by sleep loss, 3 ___________. People also react emotionally. They tend to be more irritable or laugh or cry without apparent cause if they have been on a short ration of sleep. Everyone should sleep enough so that he can waken in the morning without being called. He should get up feeling refreshed 4_______________.

Newspapers occasionally carry accounts of people 5 ______________. When investigated, these claims are shown to be without foundation. A person who says he can get along without sleep usually neglects to mention the many naps he takes, perhaps in a sitting position, during the day.

Lost sleep seems to be made up rapidly. In one experiment, people lost sixteen hours of sleep 6 ______________. When they were allowed to sleep as long as they could, they awakened refreshed after about eleven hours of sleep.

 

 

A.but the more complex mental functions almost always suffer.

B.who claim to have gone without sleep for years.

C.because they had been kept awake for two consecutive nights.

D.that sleep is nature’s great restorer.

E.if a moderate amount of sleep is lost.

F.and in condition to do complex mental work.

G.after a night of deep sleep.

 

РМ № 25

 

Задание:

Изучите рекомендации по выполнению задания – множественный выбор.

1. Быстро просмотри текст, чтобы понять, о чем он.

 

2. Прочитай текст внимательно, чтобы иметь четко представление о содержании текста.

 

3. Прочитай задания к тексту и продумай ответы, не читая предложенных вариантов ответа.

 

4. Вернись к тексту и найди отрывок в тексте, который подтвердит твой ответ.

 

5. Выбери один из предложенных вариантов ответа.

 

6. Если есть сомнения, то прочитай текст еще раз, чтобы быть уверенным, что ответ не противоречит содержанию текста.

 

Помни, что:

 

· Варианты, которые повторяют текст (т.е. предложения, дословно употребленные в тексте) обычно не бывают правильным ответом.

 

· Некоторые из предложенных вариантов могут быть правильными по логике, но не соответствуют содержанию текста, или не отвечают на вопрос.

 

· Некоторые варианты ответа могли бы быть правильными, если бы в них не было 'sometimes', 'never', 'always'.