быть каким-то быть каким-то

(характеристика) (состояние)

To be

Быть где-то

	at home –дома at work –на работе at school –в школе in the street –на улице in the city– в городе in the center– вцентре

 

 

 

PRESENT, PAST, FUTURE CONTINUOUS

 

Participle I

to be working

I ф.

Past	Present	Future
was/were working	am/is are working	will be working
She was working in the office.	She is working in the office.	She will be working in the office.
Was she working in the office?	Is she working in the office?	Will she be working in the office?
She wasn’t working in the office.	She isn’t working in the office.	She won’t be working in the office.

 

 

 

PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE PERFECT

III ф.

To have sent

 

Past	Present	Future
had sent	have/has } sent	will have }sent
He had sent it.	He has sent it.	He will have sent it.
Had he sent it?	Has he sent it?	Will he have sent it?
He hadn’t sent it.	He hasn’t sent it.	He won’t have sent it.

 

Present

 

Наличие в определенном месте чего-то (кого-то) одного
There was …
	a shop
There is	some snow	in the lane.
	a lot of light
There will be …
Was there … ?
	a shop
Is there	any snow	in the lane?
	much light
Will there be … ?
There was no …
	no shop
There is	not any snow	In the lane.
	not much light
There will be no …

 

 

Present

		are
		there
			Will be

 

Наличие в определенном месте чего-то (кого-то) одного
There were …
	people
There are	some chairs	in the room.
	a lot of flowers
There will be …
Were there … ?
	people
Are there	any chairs	in the room?
	many flowers
Will there be … ?
There were no …
	no people
There are	not any chairs	in the room.
	not many flowers
There will be no …

can see can hear

can swim can play

can think can understand

СПОСОБНОСТЬ (возможность, зависящая от самого субъекта)

мочь

уметь

 

 

could	can	to be able to
Could she run fast?	Can she run fast?	Will she be able to run fast?
Yes, she could (run fast).	Yes, she can (un fast).	Yes, she will (be able to run fast).
No, she couldn’t (run fast).	No, she cannot/can’t (run fast).	No, she won’t (be able to run fast).

 

 

возможность (зависит не от субъекта, а от условий, обстоятельств, складывающихся при выполнении действия)
иметь возможность
may	can
фактическая (возможность конкретного действия)	теоретическая (общие черты поведения)
мочь	быть свойственным
The flight may be delayed.	Everybody can be mistaken.
He may be at his office.	One can feel nervous.

 

 

предположение основанное на
неуверенности в совершении действия	малой вероятности совершения действия
I’m not sure.	I don’t think.
may	может быть	might
He may have followed your advice.   He may be sleeping.   She may enter the Economy Department.	She might have translated the text.   He might be doing the flat.   He might still pass his exam.

 

предположение основанное на
уверенности в совершении действия (должно быть, наверное, вероятно)
Past	Present	Future
probably	must	probably (un)likely
Jack probably didn’t sign the contract.   He probably didn’t go to the office.	Jack must sign the contract.   He must be at the bank.	Jack is unlikely to sign the contract. She is likely to cry. Dad will probably go to the shop tomorrow.

 

 

Modal verbs
must должен	can (could) мочь	may (might) мочь
to have to	to be able to	to be allowed to
приходиться в силу сложившихся обстоятельств to be to приходиться по плану, по договоренности, по графику	уметь, быть в состоянии	разрешаться, позволяться

 

Формы выражения в
Past	Present	Future
could was/were able to	can am/is/are able to	will be able to
might was/were allowed to	may am/is/are allowed to	will be allowed to
had to (did …?)	must have/has to (do(does) …?)	will have to

 

эмоциональное состояние
недоумение, нетерпение, изумление	сомнение, удивление, невероятность
can	could	can	could
И что это …?	И что это …?	не может быть, чтобы	вряд ли, неужели
What can he imagine?	What could she be explaining to me?	Can she have told you a lie?	Could he know him?

 

 

упрек неодобрение
следовало бы/мог (ли) бы
ought	should	shouldn’t	might
You ought to have come long ago.	You should have come long ago.	You shouldn’t have done it.	You might work harder at your pronunciation.

 

просьба
вежливая форма	разговорная форма	официальная форма	фамильярная форма
could; would	can; will	may	can
Не могли бы Вы …	Передай мне …	Можно мне …	Не можете ли Вы …
Could you help me, please? Would you tell me the way to the nearest bank, please?	Can I take your umbrella? Will you pass me the salt, please?	May I speak to the chief? May I ask you a question?	Can’t you keep silent for a moment? Can’t you leave me alone?

 

ответ на просьбу
разрешение или отклонение просьбы	категорический запрет или строгое предупреждение
can	must not
Разреши(те) …?	Можно мне …?
Can I phone you in the morning?	May I have a smoke?
можно	нельзя	не должен	нельзя
Yes, you can. I’ll be waiting for your call.	No, you can’t. I’m sorry but I’ll be busy tomorrow.	No, you mustn’t smoke here.	No, you mustn’t smoke here.

Долженствование, устанавливаемое говорящим
обязанность (должен, обязан)	осознанная необходимость (надо, необходимо)	настоятельный совет (нужно)	стремление получить распоряжение (мне делать …?)	приказание (должен)	нежелание выполнять действие, приказание (обязательно ли, с какой стати)
must	must	must	shall	must	Must I … Why should I …
I must go to work every day.	I must take care of my little sister.	All of you must visit the exhibition.	Shall I answer? Shall I do it now?	You must go there today.	Must I go there today? Why should I do it now?

 

Долженствование, устанавливаемое помимо воли говорящего
вынужденность, назначеность, необходимость	вынужденность, назначеность, необходимость	вынужденность, назначеность, необходимость	рекомендация, личное мнение	совет, выражающий объективную необходимость
to have to	to have to	to have to=need	should	Ought to
приходится, вынужден	Когда мне …? (назначено)	не нужно, не приглашают	следует, следовало бы, должен был бы, нужно бы, посоветоваться бы	следует, следовало бы, должен был бы, нужно бы, посоветоваться бы
I have to stay after classes tomorrow.	When do I have to stay after classes?	You don’t have to stay after classes. = You needn’t stay …	He should read English every day.	You ought to play more attention to your grammar mistakes.