Контрольное задание №1

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Министерство образования Российской Федерации

Архангельский государственный технический университет

Английский язык.

Программа, методические указания

и контрольные задания для

студентов – заочников.

Архангельск

Рассмотрено и рекомендовано к изданию методической комиссией механического факультета Архангельского государственного технического университета

Составители:

Т.Н.Истомина, ст. преподаватель

И.В.Мананкова, cт. преподаватель

Рецензенты:

Н.П.Миленина, ст. преподаватель

Э.М.Воробьёва, ст. преподаватель

Истомина Т.Н., Мананкова И.В. Английский язык. Программа, методические указания и контрольные задания. Учебно-методическое пособие для студентов-заочников всех специальностей. Архангельск. Издательство АГТУ, 2002 г.- с.

Подготовлено кафедрой иностранных языков АГТУ. Составлено в соответствии с программой курса « Английский язык для технических специальностей высших учебных заведений».

Предназначено для студентов-заочников всех специальностей.

Архангельский государственный технический университет

2002 г.

I. Требования к выполнению контрольных заданий и оформлению контрольных работ.

1.Количество контрольных заданий, выполняемых на каждом курсе, устанавливается учебным планом университета.

2. Каждое контрольное задание в данном пособии предлагается в пяти вариантах. Студент должен выполнить один из пяти вариантов в соответствии с последними цифрами студенческого шифра: студенты, шифр которых оканчивается на 1 или 2, выполняют вариант №1; на 3 или 4 – вариант №2; на 5 или 6 – вариант №3; на 7 или 8 – вариант №4; на 9 или 0 – вариант №5.

3. Письменные контрольные работы следует выполнять в отдельной тетради. На обложке тетради следует написать: фамилию, инициалы, шифр, номер контрольной работы, вариант и название учебника, по которому занимается студент, а также адрес студента.

4. Контрольные работы должны выполняться чернилами, аккуратно, чётким почерком; в тетрадях в клетку следует писать через строчку. При выполнении контрольной работы следует оставлять в тетради широкие поля для замечаний, объяснений и указаний рецензента. Необходимо переписывать задания к каждому упражнению и точно их выполнять.

5. Иностранный текст каждого задания нужно переписывать на левой странице тетради, на правой давать его русский перевод.

6. Выполненные контрольные работы направляются в институт для проверки и рецензирования в установленные сроки. Разрешается досрочное выполнение контрольной работы, однако во избежание повторения возможных ошибок, рекомендуется выполнять и высылать на рецензирование одновременно только одну контрольную работу.

7. Работа над ошибками выполняется письменно в этой же тетради.

8. Если работа выполнена не в соответствии с указаниями или не полностью, она возвращается без проверки.

II. Требования к защите контрольных работ.

1. Знать грамматику, рекомендованную для выполнения контрольной работы.

2. Уметь находить и правильно переводить данные грамматические формы в связном тексте.

3. Уметь правильно употреблять данные грамматические формы в письменной и устной речи.

4. Знать необходимый лексический материал.

III. Требования к зачёту.

1. К зачёту допускаются студенты, выполнившие предусмотренное программой количество работ и сдавшие тексты для домашнего чтения, т.е. тексты учебника или учебных пособий по английскому языку. К текстам должен быть составлен словарь, которым можно пользоваться при переводе.

2. Для получения зачёта необходимо:

а) выполнить задания на узнавание и правильный перевод грамматических форм.

б) знать лексический минимум к текстам (30 лексических единиц в семестр).

IV. Требования к экзамену.

1.К экзамену по английскому языку допускаются студенты, имеющие зачёт за I, II и III семестры, выполнившие письменные контрольные работы и сдавшие учебный материал по домашнему чтению за IV семестр.

2. На экзамене проверяются умения:

а) читать и переводить со словарём незнакомый текст, содержащий изученный грамматический материал. (500-600 п. знаков за 0,5 часа подготовки).

б) отвечать на вопросы по содержанию текста.

Примечание: Студенты допускаются к зачёту и экзамену после защиты выполненных контрольных работ.

Контрольные задания.

Контрольное задание №1.

Для того чтобы правильно выполнить задание №1, необходимо усвоить следующие грамматические темы:

1. Имя существительное. Множественное число. Артикли и предлоги как показатели имени существительного. Притяжательный падеж имени существительного. Существительное в функции определения и его перевод на русский язык.

2. Имя прилагательное. Степени сравнения имён прилагательных. Конструкции типа the more … the less.

3. Числительные.

4. Местоимения: личные, притяжательные, вопросительные, указательные, неопределённые и отрицательные.

5. Форма настоящего (Present), прошедшего (Past) и будущего (Future) времени группы Indefinite действительного залога изъявительного наклонения. Спряжение глаголов to be, to have в Present, Past и Future Indefinite. Повелительное наклонение и его отрицательная форма.

6. Простое предложение: прямой порядок слов повествовательного предложения в утвердительной и отрицательной формах; обратный порядок слов вопросительного предложения.

7. Оборот there is (are).

8. Основные случаи словообразования.

Используйте следующие образцы выполнения упражнений.

Образец выполнения 1 (к упр.I).

грамматическая функция окончания -s

1. The students attend lectures and seminars. students lectures множественное число seminars от имён существит.	Студенты посещают лекции и семинары. a student a lecture a seminar
2. He lectures on history.	Он читает лекции по истории.
lectures – 3-е лицо единственного числа от глагола to lecture в Present Indefinite.
3. My brother’s son is a student.	Сын моего брата - студент.

В слове brother’s – ‘s окончание притяжательного падежа имени существительного в единственном числе.

My brothers’ sons are students.

Сыновья моих братьев - студенты.

Слово brothers’ – форма притяжательного падежа имени существительного a brother во множественном числе.

Образец выполнения 2 (к упр.II).

Особенности перевода на русский язык английских имён существительных, употребляющихся в функции определения, стоящего перед определяемым словом.

1.This scientist works at some problems of low temperature physics.

Этот ученый работает над некоторыми проблемами физики низких температур.

Образец выполнения 3 (к упр.V).

Lomonosov founded the first Russian University in Moscow.

Ломоносов основал первый русский университет в Москве.

Founded – Past Indefinite (Simple) Active от стандартного глагола to found.

Вариант 1.

I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –S и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения 1).

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The “Big Ben” clock weighs 13,5 tons.

2. Most of London’s places of interest are situated to the north of the river Thames.

3. Hyde Park covers 360 acres.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (см. образец выполнения 2).

1. The bus stop is not far from here.

2. Several Moscow University physicists work at this problem.

3. High speed electronic computers help the engineers to solve many technological problems.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1. A city has wider streets than a village.

2. The longer is the night, the shorter is the day.

3. The worst conditions for growing fruit trees are in the North.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод оборота there + be и неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.

1. No park in London is as popular as Hyde Park.

2. There are many power stations in our country.

3. There will be a time when people will travel from one planet to another.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык (см. образец выполнения 3).

1. The Port of London is to the east of the City.

2. In a few days she will leave for Moscow.

3. At the age of 21 Albert Einstein got a job as a clerk in an office.

VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 7-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1,2,4 и 7 абзацы.

London.

1. London is the capital of Great Britain, its political, economic and commercial center. It is one of the biggest and busiest ports of Great Britain. It is situated on both sides of the Thames, which is navigable all the year round.

2. London is one of the largest cities in the world. It stretches for nearly thirty miles from east to west and for nearly thirty miles from north to south.

3. London is a very old city. It is more then twenty centuries old. Now the population of London is about ten million. London consists of many parts and they are very different from each other. But the main ones are the City, the East End, the West End and Westminster.

4. The West End is a symbol of wealth and luxury. The best and the most expensive hotels, restaurants, clubs, theatres, cinemas and the richest shops are there. There are splendid houses and lovely gardens there belonging to wealthy people.

Trafalgar Square is the geographical center of London. It was named to commemorate Admiral Nelson’s victory at the Battle of Trafalgar.

On the north side of Trafalgar Square is the National Gallery, an art gallery that houses the national collection of pictures and the National Portrait Gallery that houses the national collection of portraits.

5. Westminster Abbey is famous for its architecture, for its historical associations. Westminster Abbey has its world famous Poet’s Corner where many of the greatest English writers are buried.

6.The City is the oldest part of London. It covers only about a square mile and few people live there, but over a million people enter the City in the day-time to work. At the end of the day the businessmen, clerks and secretaries go home and the City becomes silent and empty. The City is the financial and business part of London. Numerous banks, offices and trusts are concentrated in this part. There are some ancient buildings within the City, which were built many centuries ago. The Tower of London was built nine centuries ago and used as a royal palace, a fortress and political prison. Now it is a museum.

7. The East End is the poorest district of London. There are many factories, workshops and docks there. The streets are narrow, the houses are poor. It is a densely populated district where working class families live.

VI. Прочитайте 3,5 и 6 абзацы текста и письменно ответьте на вопросы:

1. How old is London?

2. What are the main parts of London?

3. Where are many of the greatest English writers buried?

4. Why does the City become silent and empty at the end of the day?

5. What is the Tower of London nowadays?

Вариант 2.

I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения 1).

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Belfast grows very fast.

2. Among other places of interest in Belfast is the Queen’s University.

3. The Palm House built in 1850 attracts the visitors’ attention.

1. Belfast is one of the largest sea trade ports of Northern Ireland.

2. Teams of figure skaters and ice-hockey players undergo intensive training at the Sports Centre.

3. The flexible production line consists of a programmable machine-tool and an electronic control system.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения и переведите их на русский язык.

1. Lake Baikal is the deepest in the world.

2. The faster the substance burns, the more heat it gives off.

3. The results of his last experiment were worse than of the previous one.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод оборота there + be и неопределённых и отрицательных местоимений.

1. There are several sources of energy, some of them are inexhaustible.

2. Do you know any foreign language?

3. There are 14 protons in the nucleus of a silicon atom.

1. Lomonosov was a great poet and did much for the progress of the Russian language.

2. The student will continue his research in a laboratory.

3. The new workshop houses a new flexible module.

VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 5-ый абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2,3,4 абзацы текста.

Пояснения к тексту:

1. Lagan – р.Лаган

2. Belfast Lough [‘lok]– оз. Белфаст

Belfast.

1. Belfast, a capital of Northern Ireland, is its main administrative, economic and cultural center. It is situated at the mouth of the river Lagan ¹, on the shores of Belfast Lough ².

2. Belfast is one of the youngest capital cities in the world and it grows very fast. Today the city has a population of 400,000, nearly a third of the entire population of Northern Ireland, but in the 17^th century it was only a village. Then, during the 19^th century, the development of industries like linen, rope-making, engineering and the sea-trade doubled the town’s size every ten years.

3. Nowadays Belfast is an important center of textile manufacture, aircraft production, electrical engineering and ship-building – it was here that the “Titanic” was built and sent out on her fatal voyage. Belfast has the largest in the world shipyard. It built many fine liners, warships and other vessels, which sail the seas of the world. Belfast is also one of the largest seaports of the U.K. It handles most of the overseas trade of Northern Ireland. Its fine harbour welcomes ships from many parts of the world.

4. In the eastern part of Belfast you will see a magnificent Parliament building. This place is called Stormont. Stormont is also the name of the former autonomous Irish parliament, which existed from 1920 till 1972. It consisted of two chambers – the House of Commons and the Senate. The British Parliament has ruled Northern Ireland since 1972.

Among other places of interest in Belfast are the Queen’s University with many fine new buildings, the Cathedral of St. Anne and the Art Gallery.

5. The outskirts of Belfast are rich in beautiful parks. The Botanic Gardens contain a rich collection of rare plants. Some of the tropical plants are 100 years old. The Palm House built in 1850 usually attracts the visitors’ attention.

VII. Прочитайте 1 и 5 абзацы текста и письменно ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is this text about?

2. Is it the main administrative, economic and cultural center?

3. Where is it situated?

4. Where are the beautiful parks situated?

5. What do the Botanic Gardens contain?

Вариант 3.

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения 1).

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Frosts and storms make life hard in the Far North.

2. Professor N. lectures on history.

3. Chicago is the nation’s second largest city.

1. Forest areas of our country are very great.

2. Chicago is the world’s largest railroad terminal.

3. The highest population density in Russia is in Chuvashia.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1. The thicker the wire the less its resistance.

2. The weather today is worse than it was yesterday.

3. Moscow is the largest city in our country.

1. There are more than 100 elements known to science.

2. There appeared some new methods of separating the molecules of polymers.

3. My schoolfriend has no ability to mathematics.

1. The student made no mistakes in his translation.

2. Plasma is the fourth state of matter.

3. We shall investigate the structure of a new substance in our laboratory.

VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 5-ый абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1,2,5 абзацы текста.

Пояснения к тексту:

1. inland – внутрь, вглубь

2. trading post – фактория

3. fur trappers – охотники на пушного зверя

Chicago.

1. Chicago is the nation’s second largest city, the most important Great Lakes port and the world’s largest railroad terminal. It lies about 800 miles inland ¹ from the Atlantic and for centuries was known only to Indians as a small trading post ² for fur trappers ³. But after the opening of the Eerie canal in 1825 Chicago soon became a harbour and started to grow rapidly.

2. The construction of railroad in the 1840s still furthered its unprecedented growth. Chicago soon turned into the largest grain and meatmarket of the country. This encouraged the farmer to grow more wheat and raise more cattle. Thus the gigantic transportation system with Chicago at the center helped the conversion of farming into an industry which, in turn, gave impetus to the appearance of countless inventions. In the 35 years between the end of the Civil war and the end of the century, the U.S. Patent Office granted more than half-a-million patents. And so Chicago became a major industrial city with a permanent labour force.

3. After 1850 housing posed the most serious urban problem. The extremely high cost of urban territory spurred the architects to build upward. They tried to find a new form of their buildings. Soon a “race to the skies” was on in all the great cities of America, and the words “skyscraper” and “skyline” entered the language. The first building of this kind was erected in 1883. Thus the skyscraper was Chicago’s contribution to American architecture.

4. However, all efforts to relieve radically the overcrowding in Chicago slums practically failed for the population continued to grow rapidly and by 1950 reached 3,620,000.

5. Chicago in our days is not only a major industrial city but also an important cultural center. It has nearly 100 institutions of higher learning as well as a number of interesting museums, picturesque parks, good recreational and sport facilities. Among the famous skyscrapers are the 100 story John Hancock Center and the 110-story Sears Tower, which rank as the world’s tallest building.

VII. Прочитайте 3,4 абзацы текста и письменно ответьте на вопросы.

1. What spurred the architects to build upward?

2. What words entered the language after 1850?

3. What was Chicago’s contribution to American architecture?

4. Were the efforts to relieve the overcrowding in Chicago a success?

5. What was the population in Chicago in 1950?

Вариант 4.

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения 1).

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. He never thinks of other people. He is selfish.

2. Vegetarians do not eat meat.

3. The Moon is the Earth’s natural satellite.

1. The first generation robots appeared in 1960.

2. Robots can perform complex production operations.

3. The nuclear – rocket engine must be thermally efficient.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения и переведите их на русский язык.

1. The more experiments we carry out, the more data we obtain.

2. We stayed at the cheapest hotel in the town.

3. Radio waves serve as the most reliable means of communication between the spaceship and the Earth.

1. There are many houses in the southern regions of our country, which use solar heaters.

2. There were some changes in the properties of the solid under test.

3. Are there any new instruments in your laboratory?

1. Einstein was very fond of music. His violin brought him much joy.

2. Sea and river – going ships discharge no less than 5 million tons of oil into seas and oceans each year.

3. Your experiment will not give good results until you change the speed of reaction.

VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык с 1 по 5 абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1 и 4 абзацы текста.

Пояснения к тексту:

1. pacific – тихоокеанский

2. the motion-picture industry – кинематографическая промышленность, кинематография

3. dim-out – затмение

4. single-family housing units – жилые блоки на одну семью

5. derrick – буровая вышка

6. freeway – автострада, автомагистраль

7. outlying – отдалённый, удалённый

Los Angeles.

1. Los Angeles was founded by the Spanish in 1781 and for a long time developed very slowly. In 1847 when the American forces captured Los Angeles its population was only 1,500. It remained a small community until the 1890s when the discovery of huge reserves of oil in the area greatly stimulated its growth. The opening of the Panama Canal in 1914 turned Los Angeles into a major pacific¹ sea-port and brought further expansion.

2. The 1920s saw an unprecendented growth of the motion-picture industry², mainly due to an exceptionally favourable climate with a lot of sunny days and very little rainfall. It is also the climatic conditions and exceedingly fertile soil that made Los Angeles the “garden spot” of the United States that produces most of its citrus fruit.

3. During World War II Los Angeles became an important center of the aviation industry and started developing on a gigantic scale. Thousands of newly-built plants discharged smoke, microscopic dust, gases and chemicals. And this smog caused a daylight dim-out³ one day-September 8, 1943.

4. Los Angeles of our days is the nation’s third most populous city with over 3 million inhabitants in the city itself and about 8 million in the whole metropolitan area. It has one of the largest urban territories in the world. Almost all of this vast area is covered by single –family housing units⁴, oil derricks⁵ and industrial complexes. Los Angeles is the most “one-storied’ city of the large American cities. Even in the central part there are comparatively few multistoried apartment houses and high-rise buildings. Characteristically, Los Angeles has the heaviest per capita concentration of automobiles in the world and is famous for its vast system of freeways⁶ radiating from the center to outlying⁷ areas.

5. Thousands of tourists are especially attracted by Disneyland, the children’s fairy-tale park, opened in 1955 and the Hollywood Bowl, a gigantic open-air cinema theatre which every summer houses national musical festivals and where the highest film awards-the Oscars- are presented to film stars and producers.

VII. Прочитайте 2,3 и 5 абзацы текста и письменно ответьте на вопросы.

1. What industry was developed in the 1920-s?

2. What made Los Angeles the “garden spot” of the United States?

3. What happened on September 8, 1943?

4. What was the reason of the daylight dim-out?

5. What is Los Angeles famous for?

Вариант 5.

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения 1).

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The sun rises in the East.

2. Mr. Hall delivers lectures to the students of a technical college.

3. Mazda, Japan’s fourth biggest car-maker plans to produce 1500000 cars in Europe.

1. The scientists developed new synthetic rubber products.

2. Japan holds the lead in the world in robot production.

3.The first generation robots appeared in 1960.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения и переведите их на русский язык.

1. Automatic devices make labour safer and easier.

2. The higher we go into the atmosphere, the thinner the air becomes.

3. Wall-Street is one of the oldest and shortest streets in New-York.

1. There is a tradition in England to hold a rally in which only the oldest cars take part.

2. Even in the central part of Los Angeles there are comparatively few multistoried apartment houses and high-rise buildings.

3. There are many houses in the southern regions of our country, which use solar heaters.

1. Washington is the capital of the United States of America.

2. Before the Civil War Washington grew rather slowly.

3. They will finish their work tomorrow.

VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык с 1 по 3 абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1 и 2 абзацы текста.

Пояснения к тексту:

1.influx- приток, наплыв

2.embarkation- погрузка

3.the Pacific- Тихий океан

4.the United Nations Charter- Устав ООН

5.vista- аллея

6.ornate- витиеватый

San Francisco.

1.San Francisco was founded by the Spanish in 1776 but it received its present name only in 1847 when, after the Mexican war, the whole California passed to the United States. With the beginning of the famous “gold rush” of 1848 thousands of fortune-seekers and adventurers flooded the area and the population of San Francisco grew up to 50,00. The steady influx¹ of immigrants from over the world never ceased so that now San Francisco is the most cosmopolitan place in America. Usually the newcomers from one country settled together. In 1906 a terrible earthquake almost completely destroyed the city, but soon it was rebuilt and continued to expand. Another powerful earthquake took place in the fall of 1989 but this time the destructions were minimal due to earthquake-proof construction of buildings. During World War II the city was the major supply and embarkation ² port for the struggle in the Pacific ³. The United Nations Charter ⁴ was drafted here in 1945.

2. Today San Francisco is an important financial center of the West. The major industries include food-processing, ship-building, oil-refining and the manufacture of metal products and chemicals. It is also an important cultural center with numerous educational establishments, publishing firms, museums and theaters with symphony, opera and ballet production.

3. Situated along the San Francisco Bay and among the steep hills which give the whole urban skyline a picturesque effect, San Francisco is a colorful city of the lovely vistas ⁵, beautiful bridges (among these the famous Golden gate Bridge with a 4,200 – meter span), richly decorated private mansions and imposing public buildings. Among the many tourist attraction first and foremost is Chinatown with its ornate ⁶ Oriental architecture – the largest Chinese community outside China. One of its striking features is that on the street – level it consists almost entirely of shops with dwelling–rooms above or below.

VII. Прочитайте 3 абзац текста и письменно ответьте на вопросы.

1. Where is San Francisco situated?

2. What is the most famous bridge of San Francisco?

3. What is Chinatown?

4. What does Chinatown consist of?

5. Where are dwelling-rooms situated?

Контрольное задание №2

Для того чтобы правильно выполнить задание №2 необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику:

1. Видовременные формы глагола:

А) активный залог – формы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future); формы Continuous (Present, Past, Future); формы Perfect (Present, Past, Future);

Б) пассивный залог – формы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future).

Особенности перевода пассивных конструкций на русский язык.

2. Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты (can, may, must)

3. Простые неличные формы глагола: Participle I, Participle II в функции определения и обстоятельства. Gerund – герундий, простые формы.

Используйте следующие образцы выполнения упражнений.

Образец выполнения 1 (к упр. I)

a) Lobachevsky’s geometry had revolutionized mathematics and the philosophy of science.	a) Геометрия Лобачевского произвела коренное изменение в математике и философии науки.
had revolutionized – Past Perfect Active от глагола to revolutionize
б)These data are often referred to.	б) На эти данные часто ссылаются.
are referred to – Present Indefinite Passive от глагола to refer to.

Образец выполнения 2 (к упр. II)

1.The changes affecting the composition of materials are called chemical changes.

Изменения, влияющие на состав материалов, называются химическими изменениями.

Affecting - Participle I, определение.

Called - Participle II, составная часть видовременной формы Present Indefinite Passive от глагола to call.

2.When heated to the boiling point water evaporates.

Когда воду нагревают до точки кипения, она испаряется. (При нагревании до точки кипения вода испаряется).

(When) heated- Participle II, обстоятельство.

Вариант 1

I. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол- сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

а.)1.Radio astronomy has given mankind efficient means for penetration into space.

2.The liquid in the tube is boiling.

б.)1. Becquerel’s discovery was followed by an intensive research work of Marie and Pierre Curie.

2. Heat energy is transmitted in two different ways.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.Nylon was the first synthetic fiber used in clothing.

2.The atoms forming our planet are built of negative electrons, positive protons and ordinary neutrons.

3.This kind of treatment when used makes the metals heat-resistant.

4.When passing through an electroscope, X-rays cause its discharge.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.Man-made satellites had to use solar cells as a source of power.

2.They could easily define the properties of this material.

3.The lecture is to begin at 6 o’clock.

4.Atoms should serve mankind.

IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-го по 3-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2-й и 3-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту:

1.Herman Helmholtz- Герман Гельмгольц.

2.celebrated- знаменитый, прославленный.

3.ophthalmoscope- офтальмоскоп.

4.color-blindness- дальтонизм, неспособность глаза различать некоторые цвета.

5.through- из-за, благодаря.

6.vortex motion- вихревое движение.

7.versatile- разносторонний, многосторонний.

8.ultimately- в конечном счёте, в конце концов.

Herman Helmholtz¹ (1821-1894)

1. Herman Helmholtz is celebrated² for his contributions to physiology and theoretical physics. A delicate child, Helmholtz early displayed a passion for understanding things, but otherwise developed slowly, and had no marked early talent for mathematics. Although he wished to study physics, he was persuaded by his father to take up the study of medicine, entering the Medical Institute at Berlin in 1838.

2. His researches into physiological optics began about 1850 with the discovery of the ophthalmoscope³, followed by investigations into colour, including the problem of colour-blindness⁴. He also made fundamental contribution to the understanding of the structure and mechanism of human eye.

3. Helmholtz’s first and most celebrated paper in theoretical physics was his article on the conservation of forse. In this paper he proved the conservation of total energy of a system of particles which were interacting through⁵ central forces depending only on the masses and separations of the particles. Other important work in theoretical physics included famous paper on vortex motion⁶ and the application of the principle of least action to electro dynamical problems.

4. Helmholtz was undoubtedly the most versatile⁷ of nineteenth-century scientists. From 1871 onwards he was perhaps more famous as a theoretical physicist than as a physiologist. But it seems probable that apart from his work on the conservation of energy he will ultimately⁸ be remembered more for his epoch-making researches in physiological optics and acoustics in which his talents as physiologist, physicist, mathematician and experimentalist of genius were most vividly displayed.

V. Прочитайте 1 абзац текста и письменно ответьте на вопросы.

1.What is Herman Helmholtz celebrated for?

2.What did he early display a passion for?

3.Did he have marked early talent for mathematics?

4.What did his father persuade him to study?

5.Where did he study?

Вариант 2

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол- сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

а).1.Today scientists are still looking for the substances as a source of energy.

2.The Mendeleyev system has served for almost 100 years as a key to discovering new elements.

б).1.The intensity of this process is influenced by many factors.

2.We were told about the pyramids of Egypt most of which were constructed about 6.000 years ago.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.While absorbing the energy of cosmic rays the upper atmosphere becomes radioactive.

2.Unless properly treated the metal must not be applied for space technology

3.A body moving with a certain velocity carries within itself the kinetic energy of motion.

4.Elements placed by Mendeleyev in the same vertical column have similar properties.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквиваленты. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.Energy can exist in many forms and each form can be transformed into the other.

2.The computers should become an integral part of the organization of industrial processes of all types.

3.These metal parts had to be subjected to x-ray examination.

4.There are several kinds of fishes, which are able to generate electricity strong enough to run an electric motor.

IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите с1 по 3-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2 и 3-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту.

1.honorary board – доска славы, почёта

2.in compiling this – собирая все факты и материалы

3.some sixty in all – всего около шестидесяти

4.verbally – устно.

D.I. Mendeleyev (1834-1907).

1. A Russian name appeared in 1964 on the honorary board¹ of science at Bridgeport University, USA: Mendeleyev was added to the list of the greatest geniuses – Euclid, Archimedes, Copernicus, Galiley, Newton and Lavoisier. D. I. Mendeleyev, the explorer of nature, is the greatest chemist of the world. The Mendeleyev system has served for almost 100 years as a key to discovering new elements and it has retained its key capacity until now.

2. D. I. Mendeleyev was the fourteenth, and last child of the director of the Gymnasium at Tobolsk. At 16 he was taken by his mother to St. Petersburg to seek higher education. He entered the Pedagogical Institute where his father has also studied. In 1856 he took a degree in chemistry and in 1859 he was sent for further training. He returned to St. Petersburg in 1861 as Professor of chemistry.

3. In 1868 Mendeleyev began to write a great text-book of chemistry, known in its English translation as the “Principles of chemistry”. In compiling this² he tried to find some system of classifying the elements – some sixty in all³ then known – whose properties he was describing. This led him to formulate the Periodic Law, which earned him lasting international fame. He presented it verbally⁴ to the Russian Chemical Society in October 1868 and published it in February1869.

4. In this paper he set out clearly his discovery that if the elements are arranged in order of their atomic weights, chemically related elements appear at regular intervals. The greatness of Mendeleyev’s achievement lies in the fact that he had discovered a generalization that not only unified an enormous amount of existing information but pointed the way to further progress.

V. Прочитайте 1 и 4 абзацы текста и письменно ответьте на вопросы.

1.Whose name appeared on the honorary board of science at Bridgeport University, USA, in 1964?

2.What is D. I. Mendeleyev?

3.What purpose has the Mendeleyev system served for almost 100 years?

4.What did Mendeleyev discover?

5.What does the greatness of Mendeleyev’s achievement lie in?

Вариант 3

а) 1.Scientists have found ways of measuring the sizes and positions of bodies in the Universe.

2.The laboratory assistant was writing down all the data during the experiment.

б) 1.The launching of Sputnik 1 was followed by many achievements in science and engineering.

2. Mendeleyev was appointed Rector when he was 35 years old.

II.Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.These reactions convert hydrogen into helium, giving off a great amount of light and heat.

2.Soils containing too much sand or clay are of less value in agriculture.

3.Plastics articles are often difficult to repair if broken.

4.The amount of heat generated depends on the quality of fuel used.

1.These new materials had to withstand much higher temperatures than metals.

2.Laser light can be used to transmit power of various types.

3.This equipment should be tested in various conditions.

4.The consequences of the pollution of the atmosphere by different products are to be carefully studied.

IV.Прочитайте и устно переведите с1 по 3-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2 и 3-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту:

1. Meitner - Майтнер

2. doctorate – докторская степень

3. then available – доступные в то время

4. illustrious – прославленный, известный

5. productive – плодотворный.

Lise Meitner¹

1. In 1938, an Australian physicist named Lise Meitner announced the splitting of the atom in the laboratory. That announcement confirmed once again the beginning of the Atomic Age. At that time Lise Meitner was one of the few persons in the world who had a thorough understanding of atomic energy and the uses which could be made of this great power.

2. Lise Meitner, the daughter of a lawyer, was born in Vienna on the 17th of November 1878. She grew interested in science when she read of the Curies discovery of radium. The example of Marie Curie showed that a woman was able to achieve something in science. Lise Meitner became the first woman in the history of the University of Vienna who earned her doctorate² in physics.

3. In 1906 she went to the University of Berlin to continue her studies by attending the theoretical lectures of Max Planck and by doing experimental work. Then she began her research in the new field of radioactivity. She focused her attention on the behavior of beta radiation from radioactive elements, experimenting with the primitive methods then available³ for measuring and analyzing radioactivity.

4. In 1938 she left Germany for Sweden. Lise Meitner declined to work on the development of the atom bomb remaining in Sweden throughout the war. She was concerned with the properties of new radioactive isotopes, produced by the cyclotron. Her career was illustrious⁴ and productive⁵ (she published more than 135 scientific papers), but throughout her life she remained a shy person, with a deep interest in music. Her devotion to science had been total. She never married. In 1960 she moved to Cambridge, England, where she died in 1968.

V.Прочитайте 1 и 4 абзацы текста и письменно ответьте на вопросы.

1.What was Lise Meitner?

2.What did she do in 1938?

3.Did she work on the development of atom bomb?

4.What was she concerned with?

5.What kind of person was she?

Вариант 4

а) 1.Quantum mechanics has greatly influenced the nuclear theory.

2.The workers were mounting the new machine-tools from 5 to 7 o’clock.

б) 1. Many compounds ca

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