Television in Russia and in Britain

Television is the most popular leisure pastime in Russia. Several television channels are in operation: "Ostankino". "Russian Channel", "Independent TV Channel - NTV". Besides them there are local TV channels and local commercial TV channels in big cities and republics of Russia.

TV services provide programmes of general interest such as light entertainment, sport, current affairs, serious drama, music. There are programmes on arts, children's and family programmes, interview with outstanding personalities, news reports covering international, national and local events.

Much attention is paid to foreign films, American in particular, foreign TV programmes and soap operas.

Television is one of the most popular mass media in Britain. About 96 per cent of population have television in their homes. It is estimated that about 10 per cent of household have two or more sets. Average viewing time per person is over 17 hours a week.

Four television channels are in operation: BBC-1. BBC-2. ITV. Channel-4.

The BBC has been providing regular television broadcasts since 1936. BBC television productions come from main studios at the Television Centre in west London and other studios in various parts of London. It is the world's oldest national broadcasting organisation and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees, with around 23,000 staff in total, and 16,672 in public sector broadcasting.

The first regular independent television broadcast began in London in 1955. Independent television programmes are produced at 18 studio centres throughout the country.

What do TV Channels of Russia and Britain have in common? What is different?

What have you learned about British TV?

Do you like any foreign-based programmes?

The Cannes Film Festival has its origins in the late 1930s when Jean Zay, the French Minister of National Education, on the proposal of Philippe Erlanger and with the support of the British and Americans, set up an international cinematographic festival. In 1947, the festival was held as the "Festival du film de Cannes", where films from sixteen countries were presented. At that time the principle of equality was introduced, with a jury made up of only one representative per country. The festival is now held at the Palais des Festivals, expressly constructed for the occasion, although for its 1949 inaugural the roof was unfinished and blew off during a storm. The festival was not held in 1948 and 1950 on account of budgetary problems. Although its origins may be attributed in part to the French desire to compete with Autumn's Venice Film Festival, in 1951 Cannes was moved to spring to avoid a fall clash.

In 1955, the Palme d'Or was created, replacing the Grand Prix du Festival which had been given until that year. In 1957, Dolores del Rio was the first female member of the jury as a Sélection officielle – Member. In 1959, the Marché du Film (Film Market) was founded, giving the festival a commercial character and facilitating exchanges between sellers and buyers in the film industry. Today it has become the first international platform for film commerce.

In 1962, the International Critics' Week was born, created by the French Union of Film Critics as the first parallel section of the Cannes Film Festival. Its goal was to showcase first and second works by directors from all over the world, not succumbing to commercial tendencies.^[8] In 1965, an hommage was paid to Jean Cocteau after his death, and he was named Honorary President for life. The next year, Olivia de Havilland was named the first female president of the festival.

The 1968 festival was halted on 19 May. Some directors, such as Carlos Saura and Miloš Forman, had withdrawn their films from the competition. On 18 May, filmmaker Louis Malle along with a group of directors took over the large room of the Palais and interrupted the projections in solidarity with students and labour on strike throughout France, and in protest to the eviction of the then President of the Cinémathèque Française. The filmmakers achieved the reinstatement of the President, and they founded the Film Directors' Society (SRF) that same year. In 1969, the SRF, led by Pierre-Henri Deleau created the Directors' Fortnight, a new non-competitive section that programs a selection of films from around the world, distinguished by the independent judgment displayed in the choice of films.

In 1978, Gilles Jacob assumed the President position, introducing the Caméra d'Or award and the Un Certain Regard section.

It was not until 1995 that Gilles Jacob created the last section of the Official Selection: la Cinéfondation. Its aim was to support the creation of works of cinema in the world and to contribute to the entry of the new scenario writers in the circle of the celebrities. The Cinéfondation was completed in 2000 with La Résidence and in 2005 L'Atelier. The Festival's current President, Gilles Jacob, was appointed in 2000, and in 2002 the Festival officially adopted the name Festival de Cannes.

Who decided to start the festival? When was it?

What important dates from the history of the festival do you know?

What is the emblem of the festival?

Pretend you work as PR manager of the festival. What aspects of the work are the most important?

What famous festival do you know? Tell about them.

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Business Etiquette

Americans often plan social gatherings on short notice, so don't be surprised if you get invited to someone's home or to see a movie or baseball game without much warning. If the time is convenient for you, by all means accept their invitation. But if you are busy, do not be afraid to decline the invitation, perhaps suggesting a time that would be better. Your host will not be insulted. If a friend has invited you to drop by anytime, it is best to call before visiting to make sure it is convenient for them. Do not stay too long, since you do not want to overstay your welcome.
For a casual dinner invitation, do not arrive more than 5 minutes early, because your host may still be preparing for your visit. Arriving more than 10 minutes late is considered rude if very few people were invited. If many people were invited, it is ok to arrive a little late, even as much as half an hour late. For example, it is ok to arrive late for a party, for a potluck dinner or for a social gathering involving a large group of people. The main consideration is whether there are enough people in the group so that your late arrival will not be noticed.
Business visits, on the other hand, tend to be extremely punctual. If you arrive late to a business appointment, it will reflect badly on you. So try to arrive on time, or even a little early. If you know that you will be arriving late, you should telephone ahead to let them know of the delay.
Many international companies have women in management positions. So don't be surprised if the person who meets you is a woman, not a man. When businessmen or businesswomen meet, they usually introduce themselves by shaking right hands. When you shake hands, don't crush their fingers, but also don't hold their hand too lightly. A firm handshake is best.

What is special in foreign etiquiette?

When is it better to come if you are invited?

How is it better to greet a man? a lady?

Why is it so important to have a good business card?

The Job Search

The job search may take a while, but with the simple steps you will find that job that suits you. Getting a job is one of the most stressful situations a man or a woman can go through. The main thing to remember about finding a job is to not let it stress you out.
When looking for a job, make sure that you are confident. If you show that you can do the job, you most likely will. Do not limit yourself to only one field of jobs, but try out for many jobs, and fill out as many applications as you can. Again, do not limit yourself.
Finding the job is the most important part, and we will all come to face this fact eventually. A few things to help you find a job is this: Go through the local newspapers, go through all of the adds, circle the ones that interest you and then fax in your resume, or give them a call as soon as possible. Do not delay this, for if you do, you may miss out on the chance of a lifetime. A few places to find a job are on the Internet, also known as the world wide web. Go on the world wide web and type in jobs in any major search engine, or the specific job that you are looking for, and you will come up with many results.
Some jobs are also not right in front of your face either. You will have to do some searching. Also, keep in mind that if you know of a friend who works in a field that you are interested in, talk to him. He can usually help you out in your search, and possibly get you a job, or a career that you will love and enjoy.
Remember to try and choose a job that you will enjoy. If you enjoy the area of work that you work in, you will actually never work a day in your life.
Check out mystery shopping, or other fields like that if you are having trouble finding work, seek unemployment for the times that you can. Check out the money online programs.
Keep your resume short and neat [четкий, ясный, точный], a one page resume is more than enough. If they look too long and gaudy [цветистый, витиеватый] looking, the employers will not give it their full attention. Again, be confident, be confident that you can and will do the job. List as many references that you have, attach them as well to your resume.
Dress for Success. Yes, I know you have heard that before, but it is the truth. Dress nicely and appropriately for the job. Always smile. At the end of an interview, shake hands firmly.
When seeking for a job remember to follow your interests and do not limit yourself. The job search may take a while, sometimes a few months, if not more, but never stop until you find that career that suits you. Always be in control of your life.

What do we need to apply for a job?

Why is it important to be dressed smartly?

What is the best way to find the job?

World Trade Organization
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international organization designed to supervise and liberalize international trade. The WTO came into being on 1 January 1995, and is the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which was created in 1947. The WTO is governed by a Ministerial Conference, which meets every two years; a General Council, which implements the conference's policy and is responsible for day-to-day administration; and a director-general, who is appointed by the Ministerial Conference. The WTO's headquarters is in Geneva, Switzerland.

The WTO's stated goal is to improve the welfare of the people of its member countries, specifically by lowering trade barriers and providing a platform for negotiation of trade. Its main mission is 'to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible'.

Among various functions of the WTO, these are regarded by analysts as the most important:
- It oversees the implementation, administration and operation of the covered agreements.
- It provides a forum for negotiations and for disputes.

Additionally, it is the WTO's duty to review the national trade policies, and to ensure the coherence and transparency of trade policies through surveillance in global economic policy-making. Another priority of the WTO is the assistance of developing, least-developed and low-income countries in transition to adjust to WTO rules and disciplines through technical cooperation and training. The WTO is also a center of economic research and analysis: regular assessments of the global trade picture in its annual publications and research reports on specific topics are produced by the organization. Finally, the WTO cooperates closely with the two other components of the Bretton Woods system, the IMF and the World Bank.
The WTO oversees about 60 different agreements which have the status of international legal texts. These are some of the most important agreements:
- Agreement on Agriculture (central concepts are domestic support, market access and export subsidies)
- General Agreement on Trade in Services was created to extend the multilateral trading system to service sector.
- Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary Agreement. Under this agreement the WTO sets constraints on members' policies relating to food safety as well as animal and plant health.
- Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade. Its object is 'to ensure that technical negotiations and standards, as well as testing and certification procedures, do not create unnecessary obstacles to trade'.

When was WTO started? What for?

What functions of WTO do you know?

What agreements did they work at?