THE BASIC KINDS OF ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
Контрольная работа Магистратура (экономисты)
I. Choose the right variant 1. How ___ you? am have is are 2. ___ you married to John? is have am are 3. You ____ like tea. don't doesn't aren't haven't 4. What's your ________ job? mother's mothers' mothers mother 5. I like ________ TV. watching watch look looking 6. What time ________ work? he starts does he starts does he start he start 7. ______ some books on the table. there is there aren't there isn't there are 8. ______ have a cigarette? I am am I I can can I 9. She ______ tea for breakfast. always having has always having always has 10. I read books ___ the evenings. on at of in 11. We _____ dance all night. can to can do can not can 12. Where were you born? I ________ in Madrid. were born was born am born was borne 13. He brought _____ milk and ____ sandwich. a, a some, the some, a any, a 14. Her brother is ______ than me. tallest more taller more tall taller 15. _________ any sisters or brothers? do you have do you have you do you have 16. What __________? you are doing you are do are you doing are you do 17. When ________ to buy me a computer? you going are you going are you going to you are going 18. They ______ five years ago. met did met have meeted have met 19. It was nice _____ you. on meeting to meet to meeting at meeting 20. Are you interested ___ gardening? at of in on 21. She _______ dinner when the door suddenly opened. were cooking was cooked cooked was cooking 22. He is reading ___ newspaper. an ___ the a 23. The doorbell is ringing. I ______ it. am going to get will get get got 24. You _____ to laugh if you don't like the joke. don't have mustn't shouldn't doesn't have 25. If I _____ shopping today, I'll buy some apple juice for you. will go went go would go 26. I ____ drive a Porsche, but now I ride a bicycle. use to am used to used to was using to 27. Tobacco ______ to Russia by Peter the Great. was brought brought were brought was bringed 28. If I ____ more time, I would build another website. had have would had would have 29. When they arrived at the football stadium, the game ______. started already had started yet had already started already had started 30. They said they ______ the music and left the pub. not like like didn't like don't like 31. It's a lovely place. I ______ a wonderful time here. Too bad I'll have to leave soon. have been having have having was having had 32. I deny _____ the money. take to take to taking taking 33. I want ______ at home tonight. stayed staying stay to stay 34. He ______ forgotten her by the end of the year. will have is will be would 35. If you had studied harder, you _______ failed your exams. hadn't won't wouldn't wouldn't have 36. This time tomorrow she ______ her last exam. will take is taking takes will be taking 37. Please contact me ____ time you like. I'm always available. anywhen no any some 38. I can do it ________. I don't need your help. with myself on myself by my own on my own 39. I think ____ cars are quite expensive. Public transport is cheaper and sometimes more convenient. ___ an the a 40. One can't always rely ___ other people. of at on in Конец формы III. Add appropriate words where there are blanks in the sentences below and you’ll get the definitions of the words in bold. Some words can be used in their different meanings. Translate imply, convey, standpoint, overall, range, scarce, free, available, utility, rate, output, environment, artifact, discretion 1. The ... is the total set of outside forces surrounding and shaping the behaviour of the organization and its members. 2. To ... information, ideas, feelings, etc. means to cause them to be known or understood by someone. 3. Someone or something that is ... is not restricted, controlled by rules, customs, or other people. 4. An ... is an object that is made by a person. 5. The ... of something is the total area or extent within which it can operate effectively, and beyond which it is no longer effective. 6. If something is ..., there is not very much of it, and there may be enough for those who want or need it. 7. If something is ..., you can have it or use it without paying for it. 8. If you ... people or things, you arrange them in a line or in lines. 9. If you ... that something is the case, you suggest that it is the case without actually saying so. 10. The ... at which something happens is the speed at which it happens over a period of time. 11. The ... of something is how useful and practical it is. 12. ... is used to describe a situation in general, including everything but not considering the details. 13. The ... of taxation is the level of it. 14. If something is ..., you are able to use it or obtain it. 15. A ... is an important service such as water, electricity, or gas provided for everyone. 16. If you ... something highly, you consider that it is important. 17. Someone who is ... is not busy and is therefore free for you to talk to. 18. A ... is a particular way of looking at or thinking about an event, situation, or idea. 19. Someone’s ... is the amount of something that they make or produce. 20. ... is the quality of behaving in a quiet and controlled way without drawing attention to yourself or giving away personal or private information. III. Read and translate the text. THE BASIC KINDS OF ECONOMIC SYSTEMS The wants people have are almost unlimited. However, each society has a limited amount of resources from which to provide the goods and services to satisfy these wants. This scarcity of resources forces every society to make decisions about the following questions: – Which goods and services will be produced? – How will these goods and services be produced? – How will the goods and services be distributed? The answers for every particular country will depend on its priorities. Some countries consider it very important to be powerful and to feel safe. Other countries are concerned with providing food and clothing to all inhabitants. The decision that a country make will determine the type of economic system it has. The basic types of economic systems are traditional, command and market. Traditional system is the system in which people do things the way they have always done them. They rely on the same tools and methods used by their parents. There is little or no change in such systems because most people methods are based on habit, custom and religious belief. Individuals are not free to make decisions according to what they want to have. Traditional system is not as widely spread as it was before. Though it is still a major force in some areas on the west coast of Canada, in Latin America, Africa and Middle East. In a command system, the basic economic decision of what and how to produce and distribute is made by a central authority. The members of the society in the system obey. The central authority consists of one person or a small group who control factories, equipment and land. This system is still powerful in China and Cuba and recently our country and the countries of Eastern Europe operated under strong command system. In a market system, the basic economic decision is based on the actions of people and business firms participating in many different markets. A market system produce goods and services that people are willing to buy and that can bring a profit to the sellers. The interaction of consumers and producers makes the system work. US, Canada and Japan are the best examples of this type of economic system. The fact is that none of today's economic system is based totally on one of three principles just described. Modern economics have some element of all three influences in them. However one of the principles is usually stronger than the others and defines the whole system. A society's standard of living is one way to evaluate an economic system. The standard of living is a measure of how well the people live. It depends on the amount and kind of goods and services the people of a country enjoy, or their income.
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