Модальные глаголы (Modal Verbs)

§ 4. МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ
(Modal Verbs)

Модальные глаголы - это глаголы, обозначающие не действие, а отношение говорящего к нему (способность, возможность или необходимость совершения действия). Модальные глаголы сап, may, must употребляются только в сочетании с инфинитивом без частицы to.

1. Глагол can (could) и его эквивалент
to be able to ("мочь", "быть в состоянии")

2. Глагол may (might) и его эквивалент
to be allowed to ("иметь разрешение")

3. Глагол must и его эквиваленты to have to,
to be to ("быть должным, вынужденным")

Примечание. Модальный глагол have to образует отрицательную и вопросительную формы с помощью глагола do: Does he have to get up early? Ему приходится вставать рано?

Глаголы may, must, need
в вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях

Exercises

1. Make the sentences negative and interrogative. Give short answers:

• 1. She can speak English.
• 2. The students may smoke here.
• 3. They must be here today.
• 4. He must come to work in time.
• 5. Farmers have to get up early.
• 6. He could dance all night two years ago.
• 7. She will be able to type it tomorrow.
• 8. We had to leave home at eight every morning last year.
• 9. I am allowed to use my chiefs office today.
• 10. You are to be at the meeting at ten o’clock.

2. Make sentences from the words given below. Use the past or the future tense of the modal verb have to:

• 1. The Fireman/to soak/the R and D area to liquidate the fire.
• 2. Davis/to phone/the Chairman/immediately.
• 3. The Company Secretary/to put in a claim/into the insurance company.
• 4. The young journalist/to interview/the Chairman.
• 5. The Marketing Manager/to visit/customers in Europe.
• 6. The press/to take/photographs of the fire.
• 7. The Production Development Manager/to tidy up the mess/as soon as he can.
• 8. Williams/to stay up/most of the night.

3. Complete the sentences by inserting must or the present, future, or past form of the verb to have to:

• 1. I felt ill and__leave early.
• 2. When she changed her job she__move to another city.
• 3. A mother to a small son: You__do what Daddy says.
• 4. I__get a taxi because all buses were overcrowded.

• 5. You__see this performance. It is really excellent.
• 6. My cousin__cook his meals himself. His wife is away.
• 7. If you go to a doctor with a private practice you__pay him quite a lot.
• 8. A park notice: All dogs__be kept on leads.

4. Choose betweencan/could or to be able to in the appropriate tense form:

1. At the end of the week the Post Office will send her an enormous telephone bill which she__pay (negative).

2. __I speak to Mr Smith, please? - I’m afraid he’s not available at the moment. __you phone back later?

3. When he was four he__read quite well.

4. If I start singing__you accompany me on the guitar? - No, I__(negative), I__play the guitar (negative).

5. When the rain stops we__to look for your doll.

6. __you lend me $10? - Yes, I__.

7. She knew the city well, so she__advise him where to go.

8. __he speak Spanish? - He__when he was a kid but he__now (negative).

5. Choose between may or might:

• 1. I’ll wait a little, so that she__have time to think it over.
• 2. It__rain, you’d better stay at home.
• 3. __I see your luggage, please?
• 4. __I sit down? - Please do.
• 5. She said that we__use her car whenever we liked.
• 6. I__never see you again.
• 7. If we came earlier we__get good tickets.
• 8. You said that he__get very angry.
• 9. You __at least answer his letter. I consider you should.
• 10. You__have answered my letter. I’m disappointed that you didn’t.
• 11. All convicted of a crime__(have a right) appeal.

6. Rewrite the following sentences using can or may according to the patterns:

• 1. The R. and D. section will probably be rehoused.
• 2. Kevin Murphy has the time to concentrate on his technical work now.
• 3. The immediate appointment of a new marketing manager is probable.
• 4. Electronics Corp. will perhaps buy from Modern Phones again.
• 5. Now the Davises have enough money to buy a new car.
• 6. Williams feels able to speak to Modern Phones’ Managing Director now.
• 7. Davis will probably recognize Modern Pnones now.
• 8. He is in a position to realize all his plans.

7. Choose between must not or need nor.

• 1. You__drive faster, we have plenty of time.
• 2. You__ask a lady her age, it isn’t polite.
• 3. You__buy milk, we have a lot in the fridge.
• 4. We__send for a doctor. She is much better.
• 5. A mother to a child: You__open the door when I am out.
• 6. A church notice: Visitors__talk during a service.

8. Translate into English:

1. He нужно звонить в дверь, у меня есть ключи.

2. Он очень плохо видит, и ему приходится все время носить очки. - Должно быть, это очень неудобно.

3. Когда я впервые поехал в Англию, я умел читать по-английски, но не умел разговаривать.

4. Ты бы смог прожить неделю без пищи, если бы тебе пришлось?

5. Когда я приехал домой, все уже спали. К счастью, я сумел разбудить сестру, и она открыла мне дверь.

6. Вчера в библиотеке я видел Анну. - Ты не мог ее видеть. Она все еще за границей.

7. Неужели этот прибор все еще можно использовать?

8. Вам необходимо проконсультироваться по этому вопросу у специалиста.

9. Я не смогла до нее дозвониться. - Ты бы могла, по крайней мере, послать ей телеграмму.

10. Возможно, я сегодня задержусь на работе,

§ 5. ПРЯМАЯ И КОСВЕННАЯ РЕЧЬ
(Direct and Indirect Speech)

Косвенная речь представляет собой дополнительное придаточное предложение, содержанием которого являются слова прямой речи.

Основными глаголами, вводящими косвенную речь, являются следующие:

При переводе из прямой речи в косвенную в предложении происходит ряд изменений.