TEXT 1A. History of Automatic Control (Part I)

УДК 802.0 ББК81.2Англ-923 Ц12

Рецензенты:СЮ. Бабанова, Ю.М, Козлов

Цайтлер И.В., Курчаткина Г.П.
Ц12 Обучениечтению литературы на английском языке по специ-

альности «Системы автоматического управления»: Учеб.-метод. пособие. - М.: Изд-во МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана, 2006.- 34 с: ил.

Впособие включены оригинальные тексты на английском языке по истории, теории и практике автоматического управления, комплекс лек-сико-грамматических упражнений, задания на развитие навыков устной речи.

Для студентов IIIкурса, обучающихся по специальности «Системы автоматического управления».

УДК 802.0

ББК 81.2 Англ-923

Учебное издание

Ирина Владимировна Цайтлер Галина Павловна Курчаткина

Обучение чтению литературы

на английском языке по специальности

«Системы автоматического управления»

РедакторН.М. Маслова

КорректорМ.А. Василевская

Компьютерная версткаКВ. Зимакова

Подписано в печать 18.10.2006. Формат 60x84/16. Бумага офсетная. Печ. л. 2,25. Усл. печ. л. 2,15. Уч.-изд. л. 2,05. Тираж 200 экз. Изд№ 85. Заказ 19

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ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

Основу пособия составляют оригинальные тексты на англий­ском языке (в отдельных случаях незначительно адаптированные) по истории, теории и практике автоматического управления.

Пособие состоит из трех тематических разделов, включающих помимо текстов по специальности задания, позволяющие провести лексико-грамматический анализ этих текстов, понять их содержа­ние и сделать квалифицированный перевод на русский язык.

Выполняя задания, студенты закрепляют вводимый языковой материал в результате многократного повторения и использования его в речевой деятельности.

В конце каждого раздела помещен активный словарь, в кото­ром даны специальные термины и общеупотребительная лексика, необходимая для перевода текстов.

Овладев необходимыми знаниями, студенты и выпускники смогут получать нужную им информацию, знакомясь с научно-технической литературой на английском языке, и вести беседы с иностранными коллегами по соответствующей проблематике.

Пособие предназначено для студентов Ш курса, обучающихся по специальности «Системы автоматического управления».

© МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана, 2006

UNIT1

TASK 1. Read and translate the text. Name the steps in the history of a feedback system.

TEXT 1A. History of Automatic Control (Part I)

The use of feedback in order to control a system has had a fascinat­ing history. The first applications of feedback control rest in the devel­opment of float regulator mechanisms in Greece in the period 300 to 1 B.C. The water clock of Ktesibios used a float regulator. An oil lamp devised by Philon in approximately 250 B.C. used a float regulator for maintaining a constant level of fuel oil. Heron of Alexandria, who lived in the first century A.D., published a book entitled Pneumatica, which outlined several forms of water-level mechanisms using float regulators.

The first feedback system to be invented in modern Europe was the temperature regulator of Cornelis Drebbel (1572-1633) of Holland. Denis Papin (1647-1712) invented the first pressure regulator for steam boilers in 1681. Papin's pressure regulator was a form of safety regu­lator similar to a pressure-cooker valve.

The first automatic feedback controller used in an industrial process is generally agreed to be James Watt's flyball governor developed in 1769 for controlling the speed of a steam engine. The all-mechanical device measured the speed of the output shaft and utilized the move­ment of the flyball with speed to control the valve and therefore the amount of steam entering the engine. As the speed increases, the ball weights rise and move away from the shaft axis thus closing the valve. The flyweights require power from the engine in order to turn and therefore make the speed measurement less accurate.

The first historical feedback system claimed by Russia is the water-level float regulator said to have been invented by I. Polzunov in 1765. The float detects the water level and controls the valve that covers the water inlet in the boiler.

The period preceding 1868 was characterized by the development of automatic control systems by intuitive invention. Efforts to increase the accuracy of the control system led to slower attenuation of the tran­sient oscillations and even to unstable systems. It then became impera­tive to develop a theory of automatic control.

J.C. Maxwell formulated a mathematical theory related to control theory using a differential equation model of a governor. Maxwell's

study was concerned with the effect various system parameters had on the system performance. During the same period, LA. Vyshnegradskii formulated a mathematical theory of regulators.

Prior to World War II, control theory and practice developed in the United States of America and Western Europe in a different manner than in Russia and Eastern Europe. One main impetus for the use of feedback in the United States was the development of the telephone system and the electronic feedback amplifiers by Bode, Nyquist, and the Bell Telephone Laboratories. The frequency domain was used pri­marily to describe the operation of the feedback amplifiers in terms of bandwidth and other frequency variables. In contrast, the eminent mathematicians and applied mechanicians in Russia inspired and domi­nated the field of control theory. Therefore, Russian theory tended to utilize a time-domain formulation using differential equations.

A large impetus to the theory and practice of automatic control occurred during World War П when it became necessary to design and construct automatic airplane pilots, gun-positioning systems, radar antenna control systems, and other military systems based on the feedback control ap­proach. The complexity and expected performance of these military sys­tems necessitated an extension of the available control techniques and fos­tered interest in control systems and the development of new insights and methods. Prior to 1940, for most cases, the design of control systems was an art involving a trial-and-error approach. During the decade of the 1940s, mathematical and analytical methods increased in number and utility, and control engineering became an engineering discipline in its own right.

TASK 2. Read and translate the following words:

fascinating, mechanism, century, temperature, valve, measurement, intuitive, oscillation, equation, frequency, discipline.

TASK 3. Complete the chart and translate the words.

 

Verb	Noun
to apply
	regulator
to require
to measure
	performance
to amplify
	extension
to install

 

 

 

TASK 4. A. Make adverbs from the following adjectives:

approximate, general, accurate, different, eminent, particular, fre­quent, rapid, former, simultaneous. B. Compose sentences with them.

TASK 5. Find in the text a word that has the same or a similar meaning to the following:

amazing, device, to invent, permanent, rate, motor, to demand, pre­cise, necessary, to connect, prominent.

TASK 6. Say what significance the following names have in relation to the development of control systems.

Ktesibios, Heron of Alexandria, Cornells Drebbel, Denis Papin, James Watt, I. Polzunov, J.C. Maxwell, LA. Vyshnegradskii, Bode.

TASK 7. Say what these dates in the text refer to.

300 B.C., 250 B.C., 1572, 1712, 1769, 1765, 1868, 1940.

TASK 8. Find in the text English equivalents for the following word combinations and use them in sentences of your own:

увлекательная история; постоянный уровень; паровой котел; менее точный; период, предшествующий... ; появилась настоя­тельная необходимость; ширина полосы (частот); выдающиеся ма­тематики.

TASK 9. Compose sentences with the following expressions from the text (in written form) and exchange your notebooks with your group-mates for further translation.

In order to, similar to, therefore, thus, even, in terms of, further­more, due to, prior to, in contrast, especially.

TASK 10. Translate the following participle phrases into Russian.

1. Radar antenna control systems designed during World War II were based on...

2. A mathematical model for a governor control of a steam engine formulated by J.C. Maxwell became...

3. Mechanized assembly machine introduced by Henry Ford was soon...

4. Feedback amplifiers analyzed by H.W. Bode were used...

5. A method for analyzing the stability of systems developed by H. Nyquist increased...

TASK 11. Find attributive participle phrases in the text and translate them.

TASK 12. Translate the following word groups into English:

иллюстрированный научный журнал; статья, написанная не­знакомым автором; имя, широко известное в научных кругах; текст, переведенный с ошибками.

TASK 13. Look at the expression from the text: trial-and-error approach.

In English there are many fixed pairs of words joined by a conjunc­tion "and". Translate some of them and compose sentences of your own.

Now and again, up and down, safe and sound, sick and tired, law and order, wait and see, ins and outs, odds and ends.

TASK 14. Read and translate the text.

TEXT IB. History of Automatic Control (Part П)

Frequency-domain techniques continued to dominate the field of control following World War II with the increased use of the Laplace transform and the complex frequency plane. During the 1950s, the em­phasis in control engineering theory was on the development and use of the s-plane methods and, particularly, the root locus approach. Fur­thermore, during the 1980s, the utilization of digital computers for control components became routine. These new controlling elements possessed an ability to calculate rapidly and accurately that was for­merly not available to the control engineer. There are now over ninety thousand digital process control computers installed in the United States. These computers are employed especially for process control systems in which many variables are measured and controlled simulta­neously by the computer.

With the advent of Sputnik and the space age, another new impetus was imparted to control engineering. It became necessary to design complex, highly accurate control systems for missiles and space probes. Furthermore, the necessity to minimize the weight of satellites and to control them very accurately has spawned the important field of opti­mal control. Due to these requirements, the time-domain methods due to Liapunov, Minorsky, and others have met with great interest in the last decade. New theories of optimal control have been developed by L.S. Pontryagin in Russia and R. Bellman in the United States. It now appears that control engineering must consider both the time-domain

 

 

and the frequency domain approaches simultaneously in the analysis and design of control systems. 7

TASK 15. Ask questions using question-words "who" or "what". Example: The time-domain methods are due to Liapunov and Minorsky. Who are the time-domain methods due to?

1. New theories of optimal control are due to L.S. Pontryagin.

2. New impetus is due to the advent of Sputnik.

3. The discrepancy is due to many reasons.

4. The temperature regulator was due to Cornelius Drebbel.

5. This discovery is due more or less to pure accident.

TASK 16. Recast the following sentences using the expression "to be due to".

Example: The first pressure regulator was invented by Dennis Papin. The first pressure regulator was due to Dennis Papin.

1. The establishment of these facts resulted from a long period of experimental research.

2. The complexity of the problem brought forth some misunder­standing.

3. The development of digital computers leads to rapid advances in control engineering.

4. The complexity of military systems causes an extension of the available control techniques.

5. The increasing interest in achieving optimum performance fostered the development of new insights and methods.

TASK 17. Insert "due to " or "to be due to ".

1. The errors... careless analysis.

2. The flyball governor... James Watt.

3. The problem could be solved... very careful investigations.

4. The failures of the experiment... absence of necessary equip­ment.

5. This invention... Heron of Alexandria.

TASK 18. Paraphrase the sentences below using the expressions "to be famous for", "to be distinguished for", "to be known for". Example: Columbus discovered America.

Columbus is famous for his discovery of America.

1. L.S. Pontryagin developed the theory of optimal control.

2.1. Polzunov invented the water-level float regulator.

 

3. J.Z. Maxwell formulated a mathematical theory related to control theory.

4. Philon devised an oil lamp.

5. Henry Ford introduced mechanized assembly machine for auto­mobile production.

TASK P. Paraphrase the sentences below according to the example. Example To my mind, the text is very interesting. I find the text very interesting.

1. To my mind, the experiment is very important.

2. To my mind, the idea is rather complicated.

3. To my mind, the data are accurate.

4. To my mind, this invention is very helpful.

TASK 20. Describe Watt's flyball governor work using Fig. 1 and the work of г water-level float regulator using Fig. 2.

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Fig. 1. Watt's flyball governor Fig.2. Water-level float regulator

TASK "A. Look at the list of the selected historical developments of control systems, translate it and ask questions using the question word "who ".

1769 Jams Watt's steam engine and governor developed. The Watt steam engine is often used to mark the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain. During the industrial revolution, great

 

 

 

strides were made in the development of mechanization, a technology preceding automation.

1800 Eli Whitney's concept of interchangeable parts manufacturing dem­onstrated in the production of muskets. Whitney's development is often considered as the beginning of mass production.

1868 J.C. Maxwell formulates a mathematical model for a governor con­trol of a steam engine.

1913 Henry Ford's mechanized assembly machine introduced for auto­mobile production.

1927 H.W. Bode analyzes feedback amplifiers.

1932 H. Nyquist develops a method for analyzing the stability of systems.

1952 Numerical control (NC) developed at Massachusetts Institute of technology for control of machine-tool axes.

1954 George Devol develops "programmed article transfer" considered to be the first industrial robot design.

1960 First Unimate robot introduced, based on Devol's designs. Unimate installed in 1961 for tending die-casting machines.

TASK 22. Enlarge the list using the facts from Texts A and B.

TASK 23. Speak about the history of automatic control.

TASK 24. Translate the text with a dictionary.