Complete the box by choosing the right preposition.

1. The judicial branch has power … the other two branches because it can declare their actions unconstitutional.

a) on; b) over; c) of; d) with

2. The President is the head of the Federal government that deals … international problems.

a) over; b) on; c) with; d) upon

3. All the power in each state is divided … executive, legislative, and judicial.

a) between; b) from; c) among; d) into

4. Leaders of the House of Representatives have more power than leaders … the Senate.

a) in; b) of; c) from; d) at

5. The Constitution gives the Senate exclusive authority to advise and consent … all nominations and treaties.

a) for; b) on; c) in; d) of

6. Every state no matter how small it is, has at least one representative … the chamber.

a) from; b) of; c) in; d) at

9. Complete the box by choosing appropriate modal verbs can,must or may in the sentences below.

1. The US President … be a native-born citizen, resident in the country for 14 years, at least 35 years old.

2. The US Constitution says that both the Senate and the House of Representatives … determine the rules of their proceedings.

3. In domestic policy, the President … seldom count upon the automatic support of Congress.

4. The President … sign the bill with a statement expressing his disapproval.

5. Today any citizen who is at least 18 years old … vote.

6. The laws and decisions of any state government … not contradict the Constitution of the USA.

Complete the box by putting the verbs in brackets into passive forms.

1. The head of each department (appoint) by the President last week.

2. One-third of the Senate (elect) every two years.

3. The committee hearings of suggested changes in the bill (postpone).

4. The bill (examine) by two more standing committees by the end of this week.

5. The President’s policies must (approve) by the House of Representatives and the Senate before they can become law.

6. A new bill (sign).

7. Most of the work of Congress (carry out) in Committees now.

8. The proposal may (debate) for weeks in the Senate.

Variant - 3

Read the text carefully.

Role of Police Force

The word “police” means, generally, the arrangements made in all civilized countries to ensure that the inhabitants keep the peace and obey the law. The word also denotes the force of peace officers (or police) employed for this purpose.

The police have many functions in the legal process. Though they are mainly concerned with criminal law, they may also be used to enforce judgements made in civil courts. As well as gathering information for offences to be prosecuted in the courts, the police have wide powers to arrest, search and question people suspected of crimes and to control the actions of members of the public during public demonstrations and assemblies. In some countries, the police have judicial functions; for example, they may make a decision as to guilt in a driving offence and impose a fine, without involving of a court. In Britain, when someone is found in possession of marijuana, the police may confiscate it and issue a formal warning rather than refer the matter to a court.

A just legal system needs an independent, honest police force. In countries, where the public trusts the police force, they are more likely to report crimes, and it seems that they are also more likely to be law-abiding. Because of their wide powers it would not be difficult for corrupt police forces to falsify evidence against a suspect, to mistreat someone they have arrested, or to accept bribes in return for overlooking offences. There have been numerous cases of police violence against foreign suspects, many of whom are not told of their rights in a language which they can understand. In the USA, illegally obtained evidence is not valid in court, but in Britain, the court decides whether it is fair to accept such evidence on a case-by-case basis. A confession obtained by force would not be allowed, but one obtained by trickery might.

Legal systems usually have codes of conduct for the police, limiting the time and the methods which they can use to question suspects and guaranteeing the suspects access to independent lawyers. In Britain, the Police Complaints Authority was set up in 1984 to supervise the investigation of allegations of police misconduct.Thus, private legal action can be taken against a police officer as against any other individual – for example, in the tort of false imprisonment. At the same time, many people feel it is difficult to gather evidence against the police.

Answer the following questions. Give full answers.

1. What are the main functions of the police in the legal process?

2. What countries are people more likely to be law-abiding?

3. What are most typical cases of police misconduct?

4. What evidence is not considered legal in court in Britain?

5. What legal action can be taken against a police officer who might be accused of accepting a bribe?

6. What guarantees the suspects access to independent lawyers?

Translate in writing Paragraph 3.