Choose the best explanation.

1. Throw away         a) to escape from a container

2. Slime                    b) a material which is used in science

3. Leak                     c) wet in an unpleasant way

4. Pollution              d) to dispose of something as if it is not wanted

5. Chemical              e) making things dirty and/or dangerous

6. Waste                   f) something which is superfluous, unwanted or rejected

7. Dump                   g) getting rid of

8. Disposal               h) place for depositing refuse

Complete the following sentences.

1. The process of … waste is called recycling.

2. Toxic chemicals leak into river thus … .

3. The burning tyres produced … .

4. Nuclear power stations produce … .

5. Some rich countries use poor countries … .

Join two sentences using connectives.

1. You burn waste. Poisonous smoke and gases are produced.

2. Drums of waste chemicals were dumped in the ground. The ground was covered with smelly black slime.

3. People were pleased when nuclear power stations were built. They didn’t pollute.

4. Radiation is very toxic. It stays like that for thousands of years.

5. Our waste will continue poisoning the environment. We do not do anything with waste.

Put the jumbled sentences in the logical order.

1. Billions of tyres on dumps are burned regularly and oily smoke and toxic gases are produced.

2. The noise of flying aeroplanes is another kind of pollution.

3. Big metal drums dumped in the ground caused a disaster in the USA in the 1930s.

4. Waste from toilets pollutes the water poisons fish and covers the beaches with brown slime.

5. To dispose of waste completely is to change it into something useful.

UNIT XXIX

Key words and expressions: to be in search of, a surfboard, to tour, to learn the technique, to catch a wave, to surf, to experience.

Surfs up!

Riding the waves can be the thrill of a lifetime. But what does it take to become a surfer?

If you have ever dreamt about incredibly big seas with huge powerful waves crashing onto sandy beaches, then you should definitely think about learning to surf. It's the most exciting watersport fee- is. Serious surfers must be very brave, love adventure and have lots of energy. Once they've experienced the excitement of a ride on top of the waves, they never want to stop.

Surfers say they feel it's the only place to be. Many travel around the world searching for the perfect wave, moving from one surf festival to another and checking weather forecasts to see where the really exciting waves are expected next. Some even carry pagers which beep when there are weather reports of perfect conditions. A surfer's greatest disappointment would be missing the opportunity to surf in the best weather conditions.

Hawaii is where the sport began - the place which most surfers see as their "true home". They love nature and the excitement you get from the deep waters. Enormous waves crash along mile after mile of beautiful sand, and every surfer dreams of experiencing surfing in Maui or Oahu. Other great surfing locations include Australia, the west coast of the U.S., the Caribbean, Brazil, Japan, Hong Kong, South Africa, the Canary Islands, and Cornwall. Experienced surfers are always in search of the best waves in some totally unspoilt paradise that hardly anyone has heard of.

It takes time for a beginner to learn the technique, but during a long hot summer, who minds practising? The professionals, of course, are in the sea every day, then come back onto the beach to do some exercises with weights. You need to be a strong swimmer with good balance and plenty of courage to be an expert surfer.

You can surf almost anywhere in any weather if you are wearing a wet suit. All you need to do then is choose a surfboard and you're ready to go - hopefully into big waves that are warm, with an experienced teacher to lead you. You don't need to wear a wet suit in summer, but many surfers keep them on all the time since they can protect you from the hot sun as well as from cold water.

It can take a few weeks or it can take a whole summer for you to learn to catch a wave at the right moment, stand up on your board and stay there. It's an amazing feeling when you look down and see your feet on the board and realize you are finally standing up on the sea, even if you aren't very steady. Professional surfers look as if they learned to surf as soon as they could walk. For example, Shane Powell, an Australian professional, watched videos of Australian surfing heroes like Peter Townsend, Barton Lynch and Tom Carroll as he was growing up. He says, "As a boy I'd watch those surfers and just imagine myself riding the waves." Powell seems to move over the sea without any difficulty. He first practised on small waves, but clearly had talent. By the age of 17 he was touring with the world's best surfers, and now, at 23, he practises every day and an even younger generation of surfers study videos of him in action.

Simply watching great surfers will make you want to try the sport. If you do try it, you'll find muscles you never knew you had; you may begin to think you might never get it right, but you'll have a lot of fun.

Post-reading tasks