Task 3. Find in the text the English equivalents for the following.

UNIT I. AUTOMATION OF PRODUCTION PROCESSES

Step 1. AUTOMATION

Task 1. Pronounce correctly the following words and word combinations. Learn them by heart.

Automation – автоматизация

t o automate – автоматизировать

automatic – автоматический

automated – автоматизированный

automatically – автоматически

manufacture – производство

to perform – выполнять, совершать

previously – ранее

sequence – последовательность

assembly plant – сборочный завод

non- manufacturing – непроизводственный

device – устройство, прибор

equipment – оборудование

simplification – упрощение

to design – проектировать, конструировать

to resemble – походить, быть похожим

motion – движение

efficiency – эффективность

( to) transfer – перемещение, передача, перенос, перемещать, перевозить

to manipulate – манипулировать, управлять

( to) position – позиция, расположение, располагать, размещать

workpiece – обрабатываемая деталь, заготовка

feedback principle – принцип обратной связи

flyball governor – центробежныйрегулятор

steam engine – паровоз

household thermostat  – бытовойтермостат

to speed up – ускорять (ся), запускать (ся)

to slowdown – замедлять (ся), снижать скорость, тормозить

( to) count – счет, подсчет, считать, подсчитывать

to inspect – осматривать, проверять, инспектировать

to compare – сравнивать, сличать

to measure – измерять, отмерять

to facilitate – способствовать

numerical – цифровой, числовой

aid – помощь

dimension – измерение, размеры

light pen – световая ручка

input device – устройство ввода

to direct – направлять, указывать путь, руководить

( to) machine – машина, станок, механизм, установка; обрабатывать на машине или станке

transmission – передача

to detect – обнаруживать, определять

flexible – гибкий

visible – видимый

robotics – робототехника

advantage – преимущество, выгода, польза

disadvantage – недостаток, неудобство, ущерб

reduction – редукция, уменьшение, сокращение

integration – интеграция, комплектация

influence – влияние, воздействие

to require – требовать

to edit – редактировать

Task 2. Read and translate the text.

AUTOMATION

Automation (ancient Greek: = self-dictated) is the system of manufacture performing certain tasks previously done by people, now by machines only. The sequence of operations is controlled automatically. The most familiar example of a highly automated system is an assembly plant of automobiles or other complex products.

The term “automation” is also used to describe non- manufacturing systems in which automatic devices can operate independently of human control. Such devices as automatic pilots, automatic telephone equipment and automated control systems are used to perform various operations much faster and better than could be done by people.

Automated manufacturing had several steps in its development. Mechanization was the first step necessary in the development of automation. The simplification of work made it possible to design and build machines that resembled the motions of a worker. These specialized machines were motorized and they had better production efficiency. Thus, in the scope of industrialization, automation isa step beyond mechanization. Whereas mechanization provided human operators with machinery to assist them with the muscular requirements of work, automation greatly reduces the need for human sensory and mental requirements as well.

Industrial robots, originally designed only to perform simple tasks in environments dangerous to human workers, are now widely used to transfer, manipulate and position both light and heavy workpieces performing all the functions of a transfer machine.

The feedback principle is used in all automatic control mechanisms when machines have ability to correct themselves. The feedback principle has been used for centuries. An outstanding early example is a flyball governor invented in 1788 by James Watt to control the speed of a steam engine. The common household thermostat is another example of a feedback device. Using feedback devices machines can start, stop, speed up, slow down, count, inspect, test, compare and measure. These operations are commonly applied to a wide variety of production operations.

Computers have greatly facilitated the use of the feedback in manufacturing processes. Computers gave rise to the development of numerically controlled machines. The introduction of microprocessors and computers has made possible the development of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacture (CAD and CAM) technologies. When using these systems a designer draws a part and indicates its dimensions with the help of a mouse, light pen or other input device. After the drawing has been completed, the computer automatically gives the instructions that direct a machining centre to machine the part.

Industrial automation is the use of computers to control industrial machinery and processes. It is a step beyond mechanization, where human operators are provided with machinery to help them in their jobs. The most visible part of automation can be said to be industrial robotics. Some advantages are: repeatability, tighter quality control, waste reduction, integration with business systems, increased productivity and reduction of labour. The disadvantages include high initial costs and increased dependence on maintenance.

Many industries are highly automated or use automation technologies in some parts of their operation. In communication and especially in the telephone industry dialing and transmission are all done automatically. Railways are also controlled by automatic signaling devices, which have sensors that detect carriages passing a particular point. In this way the movement and location of trains can be monitored.

Not all industries require the same degree of automation. Sales, agriculture and some service industries are difficult to automate, though agriculture industry may become more mechanized, especially in the processing and packaging of foods.Each industry has its own concept of automation that answers its particular production needs.

Automation has also had an influence on the areas of economy. Computers areapplied in systems called word processors, which are rapidly becoming a standard part of any modern office. They are used to type records, business correspondence, edit texts and so on.

Task 3. Find in the text the English equivalents for the following.

1. выполнять определенные задачи с помощью машин;

2. высокоавтоматизированная система;

3. автоматические устройства;

4. автоматизированное производство;

5. упрощение труда;

6. эффективность производства;

7. передаточный механизм;

8. принцип обратной связи;

9. производственные операции;

10. машины с цифровым программным управлением;

11. компьютерные технологии проектирования и производства;

12. промышленная автоматизация и промышленная робототехника;

13. сложно автоматизировать.