TOPIC 1. FAMOUS SCIENTISTS

ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ            ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ «ДОНСКОЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»

 

АВИАЦИОННЫЙ КОЛЛЕДЖ

 

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ

ДЛЯ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ ИНОСТРАННОГО ЯЗЫКА

В ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ

 

 

Ростов-на-Дону

ДГТУ

2018

 

УДК

 

Составитель: М.Н. Гаврилова                                       Е.А. Владимирова

 

 

Методические указания для изучения иностранного языка в профессиональной деятельности – Ростов-на-Дону: Донской гос. техн. ун-т, 2018. – 82 с.

 

Содержат тексты для чтения из различных источников с типовыми заданиями согласно тематике рабочей программы по иностранному языку.

Предназначены для студентов специальности 15.02.08 Технология машиностроения очной и заочной форм обучения.

 

УДК  

 

 

Печатается по решению редакционно-издательского совета

Донского государственного технического университета

 

 

Научный редактор директор колледжа, к.т.н., доцент А.И. Азарова

 

 

Ответственный за выпуск председатель цикловой комиссии общегуманитарных и социально-экономических дисциплин Г.А. Пуленко

______________________________________________________

В печать ___ · ___ · 20___ г.

Формат    Объем ___ усл. п.л.

Тираж ___ зкз. Заказ № ___.

_______________________________________________________

Издательский центр ДГТУ

Адрес университета и полиграфического предприятия:

344000, г. Ростов-на-Дону, пл. Гагарина, 1

 

                                                   © Донской государственный

технический университет, 2018

 

 

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

TOPIC 1. FAMOUS SCIENTISTS

D. MENDELEYEV ……………………………………………………….. 6

THOMAS ELVA EDISON ……………………………………………….. 7

M. LOMONOSOV ………………………………………………………… 9

TOPIC 2. GREAT DISCOVERIES

THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUBBER ……………………………………. 11

WHO DISCOVERED ELECTRICITY? ………………………………….. 12

PASTEURIZATION ………………………………………………………. 15

THE GENERAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY…………………………… 17

TOPIC 3. MATHEMATICS

MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS……………………………………… 19

MATHEMATICS ………………………………………………………….. 21

ALGEBRA …………………………………………………………………. 23

TOPIC 4. DRAWINGS

DRAWING TYPES AND SCALES……………………………………….. 25

DESIGN CALCULATIONS ………………………………………………. 26

FROM THE HISTORY OF THE RUSSIAN DRAWING …………………27

TOPIC 5. ELECTRICITY

ELECTRICITY………………………………………………………………29

ELECTRIC MOTORS ………………………………………………………30

ELECTRIC BATTERY ……………………………………………………..31

THE CONCEPT OF ELECRICAL CURRENT…………………………….32

ELECRICAL MEASURING UNITS AND INSTRUMENTS ……………. 34

TOPIC 6. MATERIAL TYPES

MATERIAL TYPES…………………………………………………………35

STEEL ……………………………………………………………………….37

NON-FERROUS METALS………………………………………………….39

POLYMERS …………………………………………………………………40

TOPIC 7. MATERIAL PROPERTIES

TENSILE STRENGTH AND DEFORMATION……………………………42

ELASTICITY AND PLASTICITY…………………………………………..43

STAGES IN ELASTIC AND PLASTIC DEFORMATION……………….. 44

HARDNESS ………………………………………………………………….45

FATIGUE, FRACTURE TOUHNESS AND CREEP……………………….46

BASIC THERMAL PROPERTIES ………………………………………….47

TOPIC 8. FORMING, WORKING AND HEAT-TREATING METAL

CASTING, SINTERING AND EXTRUDING METAL……………………..48

WORKING METAL ………………………………………………………….49

HEAT TREATING METAL …………………………………………………50

TOPIC 9. MATERIAL FORMATS

RAW MATERIALS FOR PROCESSING……………………………………51

FORMATS OF PROCESSED MATERIALS ………………………………..51

TOPIC 10. MACHINING

MACHINING AND CNC……………………………………………………..51

MACHINING WIH CUTTING TOOLS ……………………………………..53

GUILLOTINING AND PUNCHING…………………………………………54

HIGH-TEMPERATURE METAL CUTTING TECHNIQUES……………... 56

LASER CUTTING AND UHP WATERJETS………………………………. 57

TOPIC 11. NON-MECHANICAL JOINTS

WELDING……………………………………………………………………. 58

COMMON GAS AND ARC WELDING TECHNIQUES………………….. 59

SPECIALIZED WELDING TECHNIQUES………………………………… 60

BRAZING AND SOLDERING……………………………………………… 61

ADHESIVE ……………………………………………………………….....  62

TOPIC 12.MANUFACTURING

A BRIEF HISTORY OF MANUFACTURING…………………………….. 63

ROLE OF COMPUTERS IN PRODUCT DESIGN………………………… 64

PROTOTYPES……………………………………………………………..... 66

GREEN DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING…………………………....... 67

SELECTION OF MATERIALS……………………………………………... 69

SELECTION OF MANUFACTURING PROCESSES……………………..  70

TOPIC 13.MACHINING PROCESSES

LATHE MACHINE………………………………………………………...... 71

TYPES OF LATHE MACHINE…………………………………………...... 72

LATHE COMPONENTS…………………………………………………..... 75

BORING AND BORING MACHINES …………………………………...... 77

DRILLING MACHINES…………………………………………………...... 78

MILLING MACHINES MILLING MACHINES………………………….... 79

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CAPSTAN AND TURRET LATHE………...... 80

 

 

  

 

 

ВВЕДЕНИЕ

 

Учебная дисциплина «Иностранный язык» является частью программы подготовки специалистов среднего звена в соответствии с ФГОС 3+ по специальности СПО 15.02.08 Технология машиностроения.

В предлагаемых методических указаниях содержатся тексты для чтения из различных источников с типовыми заданиями  согласно  тематике  рабочей  программы по иностранному языку.

При составлении методических указаний преследовалась основная цель -  подвести студентов к чтению и пониманию оригинальной литературы по специальности. Данные технические тексты написаны доступным языком с высокой повторяемостью лексического материала. Преподаватель свободен в выборе упражнений к текстам в зависимости от уровня подготовленности студенческой группы.

 

TOPIC 1. FAMOUS SCIENTISTS

Text 1

1. Прочитайте слова по транскрипции:

chemistry |ˈkɛmɪstri|, chemical |ˈkɛmɪk(ə)l|, gymnasium |dʒɪmˈneɪzɪəm|, theses |ˈθiːsiːz|, scientific |sʌɪənˈtɪfɪk|, physics |ˈfɪzɪks|.

 

2. Обратите внимание на перевод следующих слов и словосочетаний:

generalization - обобщение;

the Periodic Table of Elements - периодическая таблица элементов;

secondary education - среднее образование

graduate - окончить высшее учебное заведение;

theses - диссертация;

master’s degree - степень магистра;

scientific commission - научная комиссия;

Karlsruhe - г. Карлсруэ (ФРГ);

carry on - продолжать;

be appointed - быть назначенным;

Bureau of Weights and Measures - Главная палата мер и весов (в 1931 году Палата была реорганизована в Институт метрологии и стандартизации, с 1934 года - институт метрологии, ныне - Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт метрологии имени Д. И. Менделеева);

«Contribution to the Knowledge of Russia» - «К познанию России»;

profound thoughts - глубокие мысли;

prominent works - выдающиеся работы;

«Principles of Chemistry»  - «Основы химии»;

embrace - охватывать.

 

3. Прочитайте текст и переведите при помощи словаря незнакомые слова и словосочетания.

 

4. Прочитайте и переведите весь текст:

 

D. MENDELEYEV

The father of one of the greatest generalization in chemistry — the Periodic Table of Elements—Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev, was born in 1834 in the town of Tobolsk (Siberia), in the family of the director of the town Gymnasium. He received a secondary education at the Tobolsk Gymnasium and then entered the Petersburg Pedagogical Institute, from which he graduated with a gold medal in 1857. After graduation he worked as a teacher for two years, first in the Simferopol and then Odessa Gymnasium.

In 1859 he presented his theses, received his master’s degree and then went abroad on a two year scientific commission, during which he took part in the World Chemical Congress in Karlsruhe (1860). Upon his return to Odessa he was elected professor of the Petersburg Technological Institute and two years later professor of the Petersburg University where he carried on his scientific and pedagogical activities for twenty-three years. In 1893 Mendeleyev was appointed Director of the Bureau of Weights and Measures.At the same time he carried on a great deal of scientific and literary work. In 1906 he issued a book under the title «Contribution to the Knowledge of Russia» which contained profound thoughts as to the trends for the further development of Russian industry and the Russian national economy. The greatest result of Mendeleyev’s creative effort was the discovery of the Periodic Law and the drawing up of the Periodic Table of Elements.

One of Mendeleyev’s prominent works is his book «Principles of Chemistry» in which inorganic chemistry was for the first time explained from the standpoint of the Periodic Law. His works embrace various fields of science—chemistry, physics, physical chemistry, geophysics.

   

5. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. Who discovered the Periodic Law? 2. When and where was D. Mendeleyev born? 3. Where did Mendeleyev work? 4. What books did Mendeleyev write? 5. What fields of science did he work in?

 

Text 2

 

1. Прочитайте слова по транскрипции:

thoughtful |ˈθɔːtfʊl|, inquisitive |ɪnˈkwɪzɪtɪv|, encyclopedia |ɛnˌsʌɪklə(ʊ)ˈpiːdɪə|, experiments |ɪkˈsperɪmənts|, laboratory |ləˈbɒrəˌt(ə)ri|, phosphorus |ˈfɒsf(ə)rəs| apparatus |ˌapəˈreɪtəs|.

 

2. Обратите внимание на перевод следующих слов и словосочетаний:

thoughtful - вдумчивый;

inquisitive - любознательный, пытливый;

newsboy - газетчик, разносчик газет;

gratitude - благодарность, признательность;

transmitter - передатчик, радиопередатчик;

parent idea - исходная идея.

 

3. Прочитайте текст и переведите при помощи словаря незнакомые слова и словосочетания.

 

4. Прочитайте и переведите весь текст:

 

THOMAS ELVA EDISON

 Edison was a thoughtful little boy. He was very inquisitive and always wanted to know how to do things. He was not very strong, and went to school when he was quite a big child. But his teacher thought him very stupid because he asked so many questions. So his mother, who was a teacher, took him away from school at the end of two months and taught him at home. With so kind a teacher, he made progress;

and above all, he learned to think. His mother had some good books and among them an encyclopedia. It was probably from the encyclopedia that he first took an interest in chemistry. He liked to make experiments, so he bought some books, and made a little laboratory in the cellar of his home.

 When he was twelve years old, he started to earn his living and became a newsboy on the train which ran from Port Huron to Detroit. There was a corner in the baggage car where he kept his stocks of newspapers, magazines and candy. To this corner he moved his little laboratory and library of chemical books, and when he was not busy, went on with his experiments. All went well for two or three years. But when he was in his sixteenth year, one day a phosphorus bottle broke on the floor. It set fire to the baggage car, and the conductor not only put the boy off the train, but soundly boxed his ear. That was the most unfortunate part of the accident, for as a result Edison gradually lost his hearing, and became almost deaf.

 Once he was standing on the platform of the station in Michigan, watching a coming train, when he saw the station agent’s little boy on the track right in front of the coming engine. Another moment and the child would have been crushed; but Edison sprang to the track, seized the little one in his arms, and rolled with him to one side, just in time to escape the wheels. To show his gratitude the baby’s father offered to teach telegraphy to Edison. Working at telegraphy he at the same time spent all the spare moments in the study of chemistry and electricity. Experimenting he improved telegraph apparatus. About the same time Edison made an improvement in the transmitter of the telephone which made it easier for the waves to travel, and improved the usefulness of the telephone very much. It was just about the same time that he invented the phonograph. This is the parent idea of the gramophone and dictaphone, but these inventions are only a small part of the work of this wonderful man.

 

 

5. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. How did Edison study at school? 2. What were his interests in childhood? 3. Where did he work? 4. What accident happened to Edison? 5. What happened that changed Edison’s life? 6. What did Edison invent?

 

Text 3.

 

1. Прочитайте слова по транскрипции:

literate |ˈlɪt(ə)rət|, capability |keɪpəˈbɪlɪti|, curriculum |kəˈrɪkjʊləm|, metallurgy |mɪˈtalədʒi|, breadth |brɛdθ|, corpuscular |kɔːˈpʌskjʊlə|, enlightenment |ɪnˈlʌɪt(ə)nm(ə)nt|.

 

2. Обратите внимание на перевод следующих слов и словосочетаний:

literate - грамотный, образованный;

fellow-villager – односельчанин;

discourage - приводить в уныние, отбивать охоту;

capability - возможности, способность;

curriculum - учебный план, курс обучения;

metallurgy – металлургия;

mining - горная промышленность;

adjunct - помощник;

Russian Academy of Sciences - Российская Академия наук;

breadth - ширина, широта;

diversity - разнообразие, многообразие ;

S. Vavilov- Серге́й Ива́нович Вави́лов (cоветский физик, основатель научной школы физической оптики в СССР, действительный член и президент АН СССР, общественный деятель и популяризатор науки);

Law of Conservation of Mass - закон сохранения массы;

corpuscular theory -    корпускулярная теория;

emphasize - подчеркивать, акцентировать, выделять;

enlightenment – просвещение.

 

3. Прочитайте текст и переведите при помощи словаря незнакомые слова и словосочетания.

 

4. Прочитайте и переведите весь текст:

 

M. LOMONOSOV

  The Russian scientist Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov was born in 1711, in the village of Denisovka near the town of Kholmogory, Archangelsk Gubernia, to the family of a fisherman. Taught to read and write by a literate fellow-villager, Lomonosov had soon read all the books he could obtain in his village. At the age of 17 he left his native village, and made his way to Moscow, In Moscow he succeeded to enter the Slav-Greek-Latin Academy, the only higher educational institution in Moscow at that time.

 Neither the conditions of work nor material difficulties discouraged young Lomonosov. His brilliant capabilities and hard work enabled him to complete the seven-grade curriculum of the Academy in four years. Lomonosov did not finish the last grade, as he was transferred together with eleven others of the best pupils to Petersburg to study at the University of the Academy of Sciences. Less than a year after he came to Petersburg Lomonosov was sent abroad to study metallurgy and mining.

   In 1741, after his return to Russia Lomonosov was appointed Adjunct of the Academy in the class of physics and soon became a professor in chemistry and a full member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

 His tireless scientific and practical activities were striking for their breadth and diversity. “Only now, after two centuries have passed, can we grasp in full and appreciate all that was done by this giant of science”, wrote S. Vavilov. “His achievements in the spheres of physics, chemistry, astronomy, instrument-making, geology, geography, linguistics and history would be worthy of the activities of a whole academy.” No wonder Pushkin called Lomonosov “our first university.”

 Among the numerous discoveries of Lomonosov is the Law of Conservation of Mass. This is the fundamental law of chemical change of substance formulated as follows: The mass of a body remains unchanged by any physical or chemical change to which it may be subjected.

   Lomonosov developed a corpuscular theory of the structure of substance in which he anticipated the present-day theory of atoms and molecules. Lomonosov considered chemistry his “main profession”, but he was at the same time the first outstanding Russian physicist. He constantly emphasized the necessity of a close connection between chemistry and physics. He said that chemical phenomena could be treated correctly only on the basis of physical laws. Explaining chemical phenomena through the laws of physics, Lomonosov founded a new science, namely, physical chemistry.

 Lomonosov was not only a talented scientist, but a materialist philosopher as well.            Examining the phenomena of nature, he came to the materialistic conclusion on the fundamental question of philosophy—that of the relation of thought to being. He gave all his energy to the promotion of Russian science. In 1755 Moscow University was

founded thanks to the efforts and after the project of Lomonosov. This university became a major center of Russian enlightenment and science.

  Lomonosov died in 1765, at the age of 54.

 

5.Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What family was M. Lomonosov born to? 2. Who taught him to read and write? 3. Where did Lomonosov study? 4. Why didn’t Lomonosov finish the last grade of the Academy? 5. How did Lomonosov get to Moscow? 6. Did Lomonosov study only in Russia? 7. What scientific degrees did Lomonosov receive? 8. What theories and laws did Lomonosov discover and formulate? 9. Was Lomonosov a materialist philosopher?