Task 5. Answer the questions.

1. What do elements of design include?

2. What are the principles of design?

3. What do curved lines tend to promote?

4. What do diagonal lines imply?

5. What do vertical lines express?

6. How is visual equilibrium in a room called?

7. How can you add emphasis to a natural focal point?

8. What defines size relationship in a room?

9. What is a well-designed room?

10. What does unity assure?

 

Task 6. True or false:

1. The ultimate goal of decorating is to create a room with unity and harmony and a sense of rhythm.

2. The elements and principles of design are unique ideas that apply to every aspect of design.

3. Rhythm is created through repetition of line, form, colour or texture.

4. Curvilinear shapes, like curved lines, express rigidness and weight.

5. When shapes extend into the third dimension they create volume.

 

Task 7. Fill in the gaps with the words:

 

Suggest, define, represent, extend, imply, tend to, represent, give, assure, refer to

 

1. Proportion … to how the elements within an object relate to the object as a whole.

2. Horizontal lines … rest and stability; they have a relaxing, informal effect, and are ideal to create calm interiors.

3. The triangle … stability, but it’s also a dynamic shape.

4. When shapes … into the third dimension they create volume.

5. Diagonal lines … movement and are visually active and dynamic.

 

Materials and Structures

Building material is any material which is used for a construction purpose. Many naturally occurring substances, such as clay, sand, wood and rocks, even twigs and leaves have been used to construct buildings. Apart from naturally occurring materials, many man-made products are in use, some more and some less synthetic. Building materials can be generally categorized into two sources, natural and synthetic. Natural building materials are those that are unprocessed or minimally processed by industry, such as lumber or glass. Synthetic materials are made in industrial settings after much human manipulations, such as plastics and petroleum based paints. Both have their uses.

Fabric

Two well-known types include the conical tepee and the circular yurt. It has been revived as a major construction technique with the development of tensile architecture and synthetic fabrics. Modern buildings can be made of flexible material such as fabric membranes, and supported by a system of steel cables, rigid framework or internal.

Mud and clay

The amount of each material used leads to different styles of buildings. The deciding factor is usually connected with the quality of the soil being used. Larger amounts of clay usually mean using the cob/adobe style, while low clay soil is usually associated with sod building. The other main ingredients include more or less sand/gravel and straw/grasses.

Rock

There are many types of rock throughout the world all with differing attributes that make them better or worse for particular uses. Rock is a very dense material so it gives a lot of protection too, its main drawback as a material is its weight and awkwardness. Its energy density is also considered a big drawback, as stone is hard to keep warm without using large amounts of heating resources.

Thatch

Thatch is one of the oldest of building materials known; grass is a good insulator and easily harvested. Many African tribes have lived in homes made completely of grasses year round. In Europe, thatch roofs on homes were once prevalent but the material fell out of favour as industrialization and improved transport increased the availability of other materials. Today, though, the practice is undergoing a revival. In the Netherlands, for instance, many of new builds too have thatched roofs with special ridge tiles on top.

Wood

Wood is a product of trees, and sometimes other fibrous plants, used for construction purposes when cut or pressed into lumber and timber, such as boards, planks and similar materials. Wood can be very flexible under loads, keeping strength while bending, and is incredibly strong when compressed vertically. There are many differing qualities to the different types of wood, even among same tree species. This means specific species are better for various uses than others. And growing conditions are important for deciding quality.

Concrete

Concrete is a composite building material made from the combination of aggregate (composite) and a binder such as cement. For a concrete construction of any size, as concrete has a rather low tensile strength, it is generally strengthened using steel rods or bars (known as rebars). This strengthened concrete is then referred to as reinforced concrete. Concrete has been the predominant building material in this modern age due to its longevity, formability, and ease of transport.

Metal

Metal is used as structural framework for larger buildings such as skyscrapers, or as an external surface covering. There are many types of metals used for building. Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron, and is the usual choice for metal structural building materials. It is strong, flexible, and if refined well and/or treated lasts a long time. Corrosion is metal's prime enemy when it comes to longevity. The lower density and better corrosion resistance of aluminium alloys and tin sometimes overcome their greater cost. Brass was more common in the past, but is usually restricted to specific uses or specialty items today.

Other metals used include titanium, chrome, gold, silver. Titanium can be used for structural purposes, but it is much more expensive than steel. Chrome, gold, and silver are used as decoration, because these materials are expensive and lack structural qualities such as tensile strength or hardness.

Glass

Glassmaking is considered an art form as well as an industrial process or material. Clear windows have been used since the invention of glass to cover small openings in a building. They provided humans with the ability to both let light into rooms while at the same time keeping inclement weather outside. Glass is generally made from mixtures of sand and silicates, in a very hot fire stove called a kiln and is very brittle. Very often additives are added to the mixture when making to produce glass with shades of colors or various characteristics (such as bullet proof glass, or light emittance).

Plastic

The term plastics covers a range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic condensation or polymerization products that can be moulded into objects or films or fibers. Their name is derived from the fact that in their semi-liquid state they are malleable, or have the property of plasticity. Plastics vary immensely in heat tolerance, hardness, and resiliency. Combined with this adaptability, the general uniformity of composition and lightness of plastics ensures their use in almost all industrial applications today.

Cement composites

Cement bonded composites are made of hydrated cement paste that binds wood or alike particles or fibres to make precast building components. Various fibrous materials including paper and fibreglass have been used as binders. Wood and natural fibres are composed of various soluble organic compounds like carbohydrates, glycosides and phenolics. These compounds are known to retard cement setting. Therefore, before using a wood in making cement boned composites, its compatibility with cement is assessed.

 

Vocabulary

 

1. clay – глина;

2. sand – песок;

3. wood – дерево;

4. rock – зд. камень;

5. twigs - веточка, прут, хворостинка;

6. lumber ['lʌmbə] – пиломатериалы; строевой лес, брёвна;

7. synthetic – синтетический;

8. insulation – изоляция;

9. carpentry – плотничество, плотничье дело;

10. plumbing – сантехника, водопровод;

11. glass – стекло;

12. petroleum – нефть;

13. tepee ['tiːpiː] - = teepee – вигвам;

14. yurt [jɜːt] , [juət] – юрта;

15. tensile ['ten(t)saɪl] - растяжимый; эластичный;

16. membranes ['membreɪn] мембрана;

17. rigid ['rɪʤɪd] - жёсткий, негнущийся, негибкий;

18. internal [ɪn'tɜːn(ə)l] – внутренний;

19. sod дёрн; дернина;

20. cob /adobe [ə'dəub] - известковый суглинок; тяжелые аллювиальные глины

21. mud – грязь, земля;

22. soil – почва;

23. t hatch - [θæʧ] солома, тростник;

24. gravel – гравий;

25. straw – солома;

26. density – плотность;

27. dense - густой, плотный; непрозрачный;

28. ridge - гребень горы; конёк крыши;

29. tiles – черепица, изразец, кафель, плиткa;

30. timber ['tɪmbə] лесоматериалы; строевой лес; деревянный брус, бревно;

31. plank – доска;

32. board – доска;

33. concrete ['kɔŋkriːt] – бетон;

34. reinforced concrete – железобетон;

35. bars – брусья;

36. rebars - арматурный стержень;

37. rod – прут, стержень;

38. alloy – сплав;

39. tin – олово;

40. chrome – хром;

41. bullet proof – пуленепробиваемый;

42. film – пленка;

43. cement – цемент;

44. aggregate - агрегат (в минералогии), заполнитель, скопление;

45. longevity [lɔn'ʤevətɪ] – долговечность;

46. composite -  смесь, композиция; тех. композит, композитный материал, композиционный материал;

47. inclement [ɪn'klemənt] - суровый (о климате, погоде);

48. brittle ['brɪtl] - ломкий, хрупкий;

49. bullet ['bulɪt] – пуля;

50. emittance -  излучательная способность, светимость;

51. malleable ['mælɪəbl] - тех. пластичный, легко формуемый;

52. resiliency [rɪ'zɪlɪən(t)s] - гибкость, упругость, эластичность, устойчивость (к внешним воздействиям), тех. упругая деформация; ударная вязкость;

53. hydrated амер. |ˈhaɪˌdretəd| - насыщенный водой;

54. bind[baɪnd] – (bound) вязать; связывать; завязывать, привязывать;

55. precast [ˌpriː'kɑːst] - стр.заводского изготовления; готовый

56. soluble ['sɔljəbl] – растворимый;

57. retard - замедлять; задерживать; тормозить;

58. compatibility [kəmˌpætə'bɪlətɪ] - совместимость, сочетаемость

 

Task 1. Answer the questions:

1) Which materials are considered natural/synthetic? Give examples.

2) Are fabrics used in modern architecture?

3) Which types of dwelling are built from clay?

4) What’s the main disadvantage of rock?

5) What makes thatch a popular building material?

6) Which materials can be made out of wood?

7) Why does wooden architecture remain popular?

8) What factors influence wood quality?

9) What’s concrete used for?

10) Why has concrete been wide spread for so long?

11) What’s reinforced concrete?

12) What material is used for skyscrapers? Why?

13) Which metals and alloys popular in design do you know?

14) Which are the possible ingredients of glass?

15) What’s the history of the term ‘plastic’?

 

Task 2. True or false:

 

1) Yurts are made from wood.

2) Soil isn’t used for building.

3) Thatch is no longer used to build houses.

4) Strengthened concrete is called reinforced.

5) Titanium is as expensive as steel.

6) Glass cannot be bullet proof.

 

Task 3. Fill in the gaps:

 

1) I tend to buy clothes made from natural …, like cotton, wool, silk.

2) This is a high quality furniture, only I don’t remember what … it’s made from, maybe oak.

3) Most block of flats are built from … or brick.

4) Jane has a cow and two goats, so she has to prepare lots of … for the winter.

5) Pots are normally made from … .

 

Task 4. Say which materials are used to build:

 

a castle, a hut, a yurt, a skyscraper, a cottage, a tower, a shack, a block of flats, a palace.