Verbal and adjectival features of the Participle

2020-03-17

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The Participle

The Participle is a non-finite form of the verb like the Gerund and Infinitive. It combines verbal and adjectival [_`ædζikt`aivәl] features. There are two Participles in English: Participle I (Present) and Participle II (Past).

The forms of Participle I:

Participle I	Non-Perfect	Perfect Participle
Active	reading	having read
Passive	being read	having been read
	The action expressed by the Non -Perfect Participle I is simultaneous (одновременно) with that of the finite verb in the sentence, or it refers to no particular time. e.g. Mary came in singing merrily. Мери вошла, весело напевая. e.g. Being tired I took a taxi. Будучи усталым, я взял такси.	The action expressed by the Perfect Participle I is prior to that expressed by the finite verb. e.g. Having read the book, he turned it back to the library. Прочитав книгу, он отнёс её в библиотеку. e.g. Ships having been built last century were made of wood. Корабли, построенные в прошлом веке, были сделаны из дерева.
Participle II (Past Participle) has only one form – it is V ₃ _, Ved (for regular verbs.) e.g. Lost time never comes again. His *broken* leg was aching him a little. The faded flower lies on the table.

Formation of the Participle I

Present Participle Active:	Past Participle Active /Passive
to buy + ing = buying to take + ing = taking – e to sit + ing = sitting – t – is doubled	to ask + ed = asked (for regular verbs) to send — sent (for irregular verbs) to take — taken

Verbal and adjectival features of the Participle

Verbal features of the Participle	Adjectival features of the Participle
1. It has tense. 2. Voice distinctions. 3. Both Participles can be modified by an adverb.	Non-Perfect Participle can be used in the function of Attribute in the sentence.

The syntactic functions of the Participle.

1. The Attribute (only non-perfect, active forms) Note 1! 4 (d, e) Русские причастия и деепричастные обороты прошедшего времени, совершенного вида не имеют формы выражения в английском языке. Вместо них используются придаточные определительные предложения. If priority should be expressed, use an Attributive subordinate clause, not Participle.	1. Опред е ление 1. a) The fence surrounding the house was very old. 2. b) The dancing girls looked very happy. 3. c) The project developed by them is important. 4. d) Студенты, приехавшие на конференцию, живут в общежитии. The students who had come to the conference lived in the hall of residence. e) Человек, написавший эту книгу, хорошо знает жизнь. The man who wrote the book knows the life well.
2. The Adverbial Modifier a) of time (времени) (all forms of Participle I and Participle II) a) Note 2! – a) 3. The conjunctions “when” and while” are not translated into Russian. As a rule “when” – is used for simultaneous activities with that of the finite verb, whereas – “while” – for temporary ones. a) Note 2! – a) 4. Avoid perfect forms of the Participle with the verbs of sense perception and motion. a) Note 2! – a) 5. The verb “to be” isn’t used in this function in the form of the Participle. Instead of it use such phrases as: a) Note 2! – a) 6, 7. It is possible to convey the sense abovementioned sentences with the help of the Gerund which is differ from the Participle in the functions it implements in the sentence, combining verbal and noun features. (Like the noun the gerund can be used with prepositions: (after – for prior actions; on – for simultaneous activities, in – for temporary ones), it can be modified by a possessive pronoun or noun in the possessive case. The Adverbial Modifier b) of cause (причины) (all forms of Participle I) b) Note 2! – b) 1. The verbs of sense perception and the motion aren’t used in this function in the Perfect Participle form. b) Note 2! – b) 2. You can use the verb “to be” in the form of the Participle, in the meaning of – будучи – in this function. The negative form of the Participle is formed by placing the particle “not” before the appropriating form of the Participle. The Adverbial Modifier c) of manner (образа действия) The Adverbial Modifier d) attendant circumstances (сопутствующие обстоятельства) (Participle I mostly) The Adverbial Modifier e) of comparison (сравнения) (Participle I and II) The Adverbial Modifier f) of condition (условия)	2. Обстоятельство a) 1. Working (работая)on my report I used my computer. a) 2. Having been warned (будучи предупрежденным) of the danger he took all precautions. a) 3.When (while) eating, (когда ешь)try not to speak loudly. a) 4. Hearing (услышав) the news the woman suddenly turned pale. Arriving (приехав)at the town he went straight to the hotel. a) 5. “When a boy...”, “When in London ...” in the meaning of – будучи . a) 6. On working (работая)on my report I used my computer. a) 7. After being been warned (будучи предупрежденным) of the danger he took all precautions. e.g. his reading, Pete’s reading the book ... b) 1. Seeing (увидев, видя) the door locked he started looking for the keys. b) 2. Being far (будучи) away I couldn’t help him. Not knowing (не зная) the words he couldn’t translate the article. c) 1. He listened to the news sitting (сидя) bolt upright. (прямо как стрела) d) 1. Looking at (взглянув, глядя) me suspiciously he took the letter. e) 1. She looked at me as if knowing ( как будто зная ) what I came for. e) 2. She startled as though frightened ( как будто была испугана ) by smth. f) 1. If (when) asked (если бы его спросили) about it he won’t say a word.
3. The Parenthesis (participial phrases)	3. Вводные фразы 3 (1) Frankly speaking I have never met him. Честно говоря, я никогда раньше не встречал его.
4. The nominal part of the Predicative Note 4! The state, not the action is meant.	4. Именная часть составного-именного сказуемого. 4 (1) The pencil is broken. Note 4! The effect was frightening.

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