Environmental Protection

 

SECTION 1

 

ACTIVE VOCABULARY

 

1. Environment   2. environmental protection   3. to poison   4. poisonous substances   5. acid rains   6. fertilizer   7. pesticide   8. disaster   9. hazard 10. hazardous materials   11. industrial waste 12. nuclear waste     13. pollution   14. monitoring   15. indicators   16. disease   17. earthquake   18. flood   19. uninhabitable   20. deforestation   21. ozone depletion   22. global warming   23. greenhouse effect   24. emission   25. nuclear power plant

1. окружающая среда   2. защита окружающей среды   3. отравлять   4. отравляющие вещества   5. кислотные дожди   6. удобрения   7. пестицид   8. катастрофа   9. опасность 10. опасные материалы   11. промышленные отходы 12. отходы ядерной промышленности   13. загрязнение   14. мониторинг, наблюдение   15. датчики   16. болезнь   17. землетрясение   18. наводнение   19. непригодный для жизни   20. обезлесение   21. истощение озонного слоя   22. глобальное потепление   23. парниковый эффект   24. выброс   25. атомная станция

Ex.1 Translate the following sentences:

 

1. The poisoning of the Earth is a fast-going process of our time.

2. Earthquakes and floods have become more frequent events than they were in the past.

3. Global warming and greenhouse effect have led to numerous negative changers.

4. If the process of pollution isn’t stopped the Earth will become uninhabitable.

5. Ecologists deal with all kinds of pollution: industrial and nuclear waste, chemical fertilizes and pesticides.

6. Hazardous materials can be spread by air.

7. It is important to organize strict monitoring of the environment in the roundabout of all nuclear power plants.

8. Hazardous emissions cause air pollution.

9. Acid rains are the result of air pollution.

10. Industrial emissions cause greenhouse effect and global warming.

 

SECTION 2

 

Перевод клише, устойчивых словосочетаний и фразеологических единиц.

 

Перевод подобных лексических единиц – очень трудная задача. В силу своего семантического богатства, образности и яркости фразеология в языках играет очень важную роль. Она придает речи выразительность и оригинальность.

При переводе фразеологизмов надо передать их смысл и образность. И так как дословный перевод невозможен, надо подобрать в русском языке соответствующее выражение. При отсутствии идентичного образа необходимо прибегнуть к поиску приблизительного соответствия.

 

1. to know as a rule of thumb 2. a piece of cake 3. where the rubber meets the road 4. carrot-and-stick approach 5. to have a big mouth 6. baker’s dozen 7. beeline 8. bottom dollar 9. eye opener 10. a can of worms 11. to have a foot in the mouth 12. to face the music 13. to start from scratch 14. to go to pieces   15. good-for-nothing 16. hit-or-miss 17. in the long run 18. to miss the boat 19. to be on a roll 20. soul-searching

1. знать как свои пять пальцев 2. легкое дело 3. суть проблемы   4. политика кнута и пряника 5. быть болтливым 6. чертова дюжина 7. кратчайший путь 8. последние деньги 9. полная неожиданность 10. клубок проблем 11. быть косноязычным 12. посмотреть правде в глаза 13. начать с нуля 14. потерять контроль над собой 15. никчемный человек 16. пан или пропал 17. в результате 18. поезд ушел (опоздал) 19. быть на подъеме 20. поиски смысла жизни

 

Ex.1 Study the idioms above and translate the following sentences:

 

1. Every country must know as a rule of thumb that negotiations is a beeline to peace.

2. The President’s statement was an eye opener for everyone.

3. Whenever he delivers a speech everybody thinks that he has a foot in his mouth.

4. If the politicians consider this problem a piece of cake they will soon have to face the music.

5. The problem was discussed many times and in the long run the agreement was signed.

6. This candidate is evidently on a roll, but let’s wait a bit.

7. Soul-searching is a problem of all teen-agers.

8. It is not wise to use a hit-or-miss approach to this problem

9. The country is ready to spend its bottom dollar for military needs.

10. No one can go to pieces during talks, no matter how difficult it is.

 

SECTION 3

 

Translate the following articles

 

ECOLOGICAL MONITORING OF MOSCOW

One of the most important modern problems is the environmental stability of large industrial centers. Radioactivity safety of megalopolis is one of the components of this problem. These problems put out a number of serious questions. How to ensure the radiation safety of large cities? How to create a reliable system of transportation and processing of radioactive wastes? How to ensure the conditions of long-term and safe storage of radioactive wastes?

The environment protection activities of "Radon" Scientific Industrial Firm give answers to the majority of these questions.

“Radon” ensures a well-developed radiation monitoring of large cities.

Since 1974 “Radon” carries out monitoring of Moscow. Full-scale operations to find out unregistered radioactive sources began in 1979. During 10 years more than 900 sources were found and liquidated in Moscow and in its suburbs. The works are carried out together with geological organizations under the control of sanitary bodies.

Nowadays Muscovites can see specialists in “Radon” uniform in the parks and junk-yards of Moscow.

The citizens of Moscow know: these people will protect them from radiation hazard.

 

AN OVERVIEW OF NATIONAL ENVIROMENTAL POLICY ACT (NEPA)

Turning to a brief history of the National Environmental Policy Act or NEPA, this legislation was passed in 1969 and signed into law by President Richard Nixon on January 1, 1970. This was the first major environmental law enacted in the 1970’s.

Generally speaking, NEPA establishes an environmental charter for the protection of the environment and provides a process for implementing its goal by setting requirements for the federal government. NEPA applies to all federal agencies. NEPA requires federal agencies to analyze a broad range of environmental issues and involve public in their discussion.

NEPA contains two titles: Title 1 explains the environmental policy for the nation and Title 2 creates the Council on Environmental Protection.

The Council on Environmental Protection is responsible for the implementation of the environmental policy.

According to this policy, federal agencies must take a careful look at the possible consequences of all proposed actions and consider direct and indirect environmental impacts in their decision-making process.

 

CANADIAN ENVIROMENTAL PROTECTION POLICY

The Canadian Environmental Protection Act was signed in January 1995. It places a range of obligations on the governmental and non-governmental agencies relating to the conduct of environmental assessments. These obligations are clearly defined in the CEAA.

One of the underlying principles of the CEAA is that the public should be given an opportunity to participate in environmental assessments. To support this objective, a Public Registry was established

By the Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency to provide public access to information upon which Environmental Assessments are based.

Many Governmental and non-governmental agencies have established electronic links with the Agency for the purpose of recording information in the Public Registry.

 

SECTION 4

 

Revision

 

Give Russian equivalents for the following word combinations:

 

1. hazardous materials

2. water pollution

3. deforestation process

4. acid rains

5. nuclear wastes

6. industrial emissions

7. disastrous consequences

8. ozone depletion

9. environmental impact

10. earthquakes

11. monitoring

12. non-governmental agency

13. to poison

14. greenhouse effect

15. global warming

 

SUPPLEMENT 1

Country and capital   Europe Iceland, Reykjavik Norway, Oslo Sweden, Stockholm Finland, Helsinki Denmark, Copenhagen Britain, London England, London   Holland, Amsterdam Belgium, Brussels Luxembourg, Luxembourg Germany, Berlin Poland, Warsaw Portugal, Lisbon Spain, Madrid Andorra, Andorra France, Paris   Monaco, Monaco (Principality of Monaco) Switzerland, Bern Austria, Vienna Czechia, Prague (The Czech Republic) Slovakia, Bratislava (The Slovak Republic) Hungary, Budapest R(o)umania, Bucharest Bulgaria, Sofia Greece, Athens Turkey, Ankara Albania, Tirana Italy, Rome Malta, Valetta Cyprus, Nicosia ASIA Afghanistan, Kabul Pakistan, Islamabad Mongolia, Ulan Bator China, Beijing India, Delhi Sri Lanka, Colombo Nepal, Katmandu Myanma, Yangown (formerly Burma, Rangoon) Laos, Vientiane Thailand, Bangkok Vietnam, Hanoi Kampuchea, PnomPenh Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur Indonesia, Jakarta THE CARIBBEAN STATES Cuba, Habana Guatemala, Guatemala Honduras, Tegucigalpa El Salvador, San Salvador Nicaragua, Managua Costa Rica, San Jose Panama, Panama City SOUTH AMERICA Brazil, Brasilia Venezuela, Caracas Colombia, Bogota Ecuador, Quito Peru, Lima Bolivia, La Paz Paraguay, Asuncion Uruguay, Montevideo Argentina, Buenos Aires Chile, Santiago AFRICA Algeria, Algiers Angola, Luanda Botswana, Gaborone Morocco, Rabat Tunisia, Tunis Libya, Tripoli Egypt, Cairo Western Sahara, Dakhla Mauritania, Nouakchott Mali, Bamako Niger, Niamey Chad, N'djamena Sudan, Khart(o)um Ethiopia, Addis Ababa Eritrea, Asmara Somali, Mogadishu Kenya, Nairobi Uganda, Kampala Cameroon, Yaounde Nigeria, Lagos Senegal, Dakar, The Gambia, Banjul Guinea Bissau, Bissau Guinea, Conakry Sierra Leone, Freetown Liberia, Monrovia Cote d’Ivoire, Yamoussoukro (formerly Ivory Coast) Ghana, Accra Gabon, Libreville Togo, Lome The Congo, Brazzaville Rwanda, Kigali Burundi, Bujumbura Tanzania, Dar-es-Salaam Zaire, Kinshasa Zambia, Lusaka Malawi, Lilongwe Mozambique, Maputo Zimbabwe, Harare Namibia, Windhoek South Africa, Pretoria Madagascar, Antananarivo Benin, Porto Novo THE MIDDLE EAST Syria, Damascus Jordan, Amman Lebanon, Beirut Israel, Tel Aviv Iraq, Baghdad Saudi Arabia, Riyadh Kuwait, Al Kuwait Iran, Teheran Oman, Muscat Yemen, Sana The United Arab Emirates, Abu Dhabi NORTH AMERICA The USA, Washington Canada, Ottawa Mexico, Mexico City

Icelandic Norwegian Swedish Finnish Danish   British English   Dutch   Belgian Luxemburger   German Polish Portuguese Spanish Andorran French   Monegasque     Swiss Austrian Czech   Slovak   Hungarian R(o)umanian   Bulgarian Greek Turkish Albanian Italian Maltese Cypriot   Afghan Pakistani   Mongolian Chinese Indian Srilankan Nepalese   Burmese   Laotian Thai Vietnamese Kampuchean   Malaysian   Indonesian     Cuban Guatemalan   Honduran   Salvadorian   Nicaraguan Costarican Panamanian   Brazilian Venezuelan Colombian Ecuadorian Peruvian Bolivian Paraguayan Uruguayan   Argentinean   Chilean   Algerian Angolan Botswana Moroccan Tunisian Libyan Egyptian Western Saharan Mauritanian   Malian Nigerian Chadian Sudanese Ethiopian   Eritrean Somalian Kenyan Ugandan Cameroonian Nigerian Senegalese Gambian Guinea Bissauan Guinean Sierra Leonian   Liberian     Ghanaian Gabonese Togolese Congolese   Rwandan Burundian Tanzanian   Zairean Zambian Malawian Mozambican   Zimbabwean Namibian South African   Madagascan   Beninese     Syrian Jordanian Lebanese Israeli Iraqi Saudi   Kuwaiti Iranian Omani Yemeni Arab       American   Canadian Mexican

The People     The Icelanders The Norwegians The Swedes The Finns The Danes   The British The English   The Dutch   The Belgians The Luxemburgers   The Germans The Poles The Portuguese The Spanish The Andorrans The French   The Monegasque     The Swiss The Austrians The Czechs   The Slovaks   The Hungarians The R(o)umanians   The Bulgarians The Greeks The Turks The Albanians The Italians The Maltese The Cypriots   The Afghans The Pakistanis   The Mongolians The Chinese The Indians The Srilankans The Nepalese   The Burmese   The Laotians The Thais The Vietnamese The Kampucheans   The Malaysians   The Indonesians     The Cubans The Guatemalans   The Hondurans   The Salvadorians   The Nicaraguans The Costaricans The Panamanians   The Brazilians The Venezuelans The Colombians The Ecuadorians The Peruvians The Bolivians The Paraguayans The Uruguayans   The Argentineans   The Chileans   The Algerians The Angolans The Tswans The Moroccans The Tunisians The Libyans The Egyptians The Western Saharans The Mauritanians   The Malians The Nigeriens The Chadians The Sudanese The Ethiopians   The Eritreans The Somalis The Kenyans The Ugandans The Cameroonians The Nigerians The Senegalese The Gambians The Guinea Bissauans The Guineans The Sierra Leonians The Liberians     Ghanaians The Gabonese The Togolese The Congolese   The Rwandans The Burundians The Tanzanians   The Zaireans The Zambians The Malawians The Mozambicans   The Zimbabweans The Namibians The South Africans The Madagascans   The Beninese     The Syrians The Jordanians The Lebanese The Israelis The Iraqis The Saudis   The Kuwaitis The Iranians The Omani The Yemenis The Arabs       The Americans   The Canadians The Mexicans

A person     An Icelander A Norwegian A Swede A Finn A Dane   A Briton An Englishman (-woman) A Dutchman (-woman) A Belgian A Luxemburger   A German A Pole A Portuguese A Spaniard An Andorran A Frenchman (-woman) A Monegasque     A Swiss An Austrian A Czech   A Slovak   A Hungarian A R(o)umanian   A Bulgarian A Greek A Turk An Albanian An Italian A Maltese A Cypriot   An Afganistani A Pakistani   A Mongolian A Chinese An Indian A Srilankan A Nepalese   A Burmese   A Laotian A Thai A Vietnamese A Kampuchean   A Malaysian   An Indonesian     A Cuban A Guatemalan   A Honduran   A Salvadorian   A Nicaraguan A Costarican A Panamanian   A Brazilian A Venezuelan A Colombian An Ecuadorian A Peruvian A Bolivian A Paraguayan An Uruguayan   An Argentinean   A Chilean   An Algerian An Angolan A Tswan A Moroccan A Tunisian A Libyan An Egyptian A Western Saharan A Mauritanian   A Malian A Nigerien A Chadian A Sudanese An Ethiopian   An Eritrean A Somali A Kenyan An Ugandan A Cameroonian A Nigerian A Senegalese A Gambian A Guinea Bissauan A Guinean A Sierra Leonian A Liberian     A Ghanaian A Gabonese A Togolese A Congolese   A Rwandan A Burundian A Tanzanian   A Zairean A Zambian A Malawian A Mozambican   A Zimbabwean A Namibian A South African   A Madagascan   A Beninese     A Syrian A Jordanian A Lebanese An Israeli An Iraqi A Saudi   A Kuwaiti An Iranian An Omani A Yemeni An Arab       An American   A Canadian A Mexican

 

Note: Sometimes there is no English word for the name of the people or nationality, and then you should express the idea in the roundabout way:

A businessman from Hong Kong

A citizen of the Vatican

 

SUPPLEMENT 2