Kazakhstan Balance of Trade

Kazakhstan recorded a trade surplus of 2056.40 USD Million in November of 2014. Balance of Trade in Kazakhstan averaged 1480.53 USD Million from 1998 until 2014, reaching an all-time high of 6771.90 USD Million in June of 2011 and a record low of -22.10 USD Million in November of 1998.

 

 

During the writing you can use these highlighted words describing trends.

1) Sales of audio cassettes fell steadily.

2) iPod sales rose gradually.

3) Plasma TV sales fluctuated widely, but the trend was upward.

4) Sales of video cassettes fluctuated widely, and the trend was downward.

5) Total digital camera sales dropped slightly.

6) Sales of audio cassettes felland then leveled off.

7) The sales of MP3 –players rose gradually and then climbed sharply.

8) Purchases of video cassette recorders declined dramatically.

9) Sales of games consoles decreased and then leveled off.

10)CD sales dropped suddenly.

 

Writing an essay

Key points:

· When writing an essay, make sure you are using an appropriately formal register

· Clearly separate paragraphs that helps with organization

· Introduce topic and describe tendencies

· Use appropriate phrases for a discursive-type essay (e.g.,It is probably true to say that…., It is also the case that…..)

· Use formal linking devices (e.g., On the other hand…., In conclusion…..)

· Use impersonal language in preference to first person pronouns

Task

You have recently had a class discussion on the role that money plays in people’s lives. Your teacher has asked you to write an essay, giving your opinion on the following statement:

Making money has become too important to many people in our modern society.

Write your essay in 250 words.

PROJECT MODELLING

Task: Develop a PPT slide show on the topics given below. Work in groups of two. Search for information using various sources and be able to present the written outputs, convincing the necessity of each paper and collected data. Specify the aim, objectives and topicality of your project. Support your presentations with diagrams, charts, tables with precise analysis of the data.

1. Branches, forms of enterprises and their effectiveness in Kazakhstan, Great Britain and the USA.

2. Securities market in the Republic of Kazakhstan. General characteristics.

3. The collapse of the stock market in 2008 as the beginning of the global economic crisis.

4. Types of trade in Kazakhstan and its regulation methods.

5. Objects and types of internal trade in the Republic of Kazakhstan

6. Foreign trade. Measures for the development of foreign trade activities in the Republic of Kazakhstan.

7. Getting a loan can be a complex process in trying to figure out the terms of the agreement. Imagine that you need a loan to pay for a car or college tuition. Find a Web site that offers the type of loan you need, and analyze the information. Whatdoestheactualcostoftheloaninclude?

 

WORDLIST OF UNIT 2

FILE 1

political system	executive authority
republic	totalitarian regime
judicial branch	ministers
political party	parliament
democracy	citizenship
socio-political movements	convention
monarchy	Billof Rights
legislative power	declarationofrights
theocracy	opposition
government	electorate
subsidiarysystem	impeachment
unitaryconstitution	individualliberty
veto	labourlegislation
worldcourt	mandatorystate
alliance	roundtableconference
maslikhat	akimat

FILE 2

developing countries	co-operate
less developed countries	integrate
industrialized world	multilateral/unilateral
richer nations	communication
superpower	protest
global village	demonstrate
global trade	critics of
international(co–operation)	debate
the world	standardization
local/national/domestic	loss of identity
ubiquitous	sweatshops/outsourcing
universal	national sovereignty

FILE 3

city-state	modernization
industrialization	balance of power
middle class	colonization
agriculture	trade
genocide	corporation
civilization	interdependence
barter	European Community/European Union
environment	constitution
golden age	civil disobedience
desertification	developing nations
centralized government	capitalism
human rights	invasion
cultural diffusion	League of Nations
militarism	nation-state

 

WORDLIST OF UNIT 3

FILE 1

fossil fuel	production
crude oil	refining
porous rocks	upstream
hydrocarbons	downstream
non-renewable energy	conventional oil reserves
low-calorie gas	petroleum
exploration	gas consumption
development	merchandise
barrel	rich gas
gas resources	drilling
geologist	underground formations
dry hole	flat spot/bright spot
hydrocarbon saturation	oil and gas reserves
rig	gathering line
piping	oil tank
capacity	oil depot
underground storage	railcar
refined products	pump station
batch	stable substance
sales point	contract arrangements
benchmark	crude blend
oil refinery	gasoline
distilled fuel oil	residual fuel
sour crude	sweet crude
distillation	reforming
cracking	marketable commodities
subsoil use rights	petroleum legislation
concession system/agreement	profit taxes
mining rights	oil spill
contamination	oil residues
environmental impact study	proven/probable reserves
expansion	energy producer
availability of oil	estimated reserves
liquid fuel	well test
ferrous/non-ferrous metals	mineral resources
mining	zinc, ore, lead, copper, aluminum, titanium, magnesium, coal, electricity, heat, raw gold, silica brick
geologic exploration	manganese and chromite industries
mineral commodities	gross production of the mining and metallurgy
mining enterprises	precious metals
raw stock	final product
pure metal	scattered metals

FILE 2

livestock	human consumption
farming	raw ingredients
producing food	ready meals
feeding	canned food
fiber	frozen food
cultivation of products	fresh ingredients
improving farming methods	baked food
food processing	bakery
suppliers	manufacturers
warehouses	retailers
consumers	year-round supply
food service	food industry technologies
agricultural machinery	biotechnology
food chemistry	chemical wastes
safety of automobile	motor vehicles
product and operation, inspection test	light trucks
gasoline	gallon
diesel fuel	mode of transportation
own a car	light vehicle
passenger cars	light commercial vehicles
heavy trucks	buses and coaches
gas-electric hybrid vehicles	fuel-efficient vehicles
pickup trucks	small cars
buyer	consumer
clothes industry	shoes industry
furniture	consumer electronics
home appliances	set of restaurants
sandwich delicatessens	pizzerias
sushi bars

 

FILE 3

pesticide	fiber
fertilizer	cultivation of products
cultivation of the earth	improving farming methods
farming/farmer	GDP
rainfall/snowfall	agriculturist
generosity of nature	crop rotation
crops	liming of fields
planter	harvest
livestock	haying
cattle-breeding	threshing
feeding products	mowing
planting	consumer
plow up	farmer cooperatives
safe food standards	rural banks
to advance agricultural research	farm products
farm bill	farm equipment
cotton	food-processing industries
wheat	seasonal workers/migrant workers
agribusiness	artificial fertilizer
cropland	soil
to water plants	no-till farming
toxic farm chemicals	gene-splicing technology
biotechnology	labour

FILE 4

start-ups	business grants
small/medium business	business plan
to run business	partnership
barriers	franchise
qualifications	venture capital
entrepreneur/ship	rival company
networking organizations	failure
problems/risks	mediocre team
leadership qualities	business/work-related skills
behavioral skills	innovative companies
mature market	focus on customer needs
business idea	personal qualities
prospective	business loans
know-how	long-term/short-term/medium-term
benefits	solution
consumer needs	deadline
account/invoice	payment terms
salary and salary guide	job title
employer/ee	candidate profile
application	contact details
set up business	start up
time-management	analytical thinking
workshop	well-being
coach/trainer	competition
family business	business climate
enterprise	favourable and attractive conditions
domestic/foreign	business road map
flexibility	competitive
output of goods	tax climate
interest rate of business	business environment
refusal	vocational education
client focus	decision making
effective communication	intercultural competence
networking	self-development
innovation	results orientation

WORDLIST OF UNIT 4

accounts payable accounts receivable accrual accounting assets audit balloon payment bank reconciliation bankruptcy benchmark bill of sale bookkeeping bottom line budget capital capital growth cash accounting chart of accounts chattel Mortgage contingent liability credit limit current asset current liability debit debt default depreciation disbursements discount drawings encumbered equity excise duty refinance retention of title Return on investment (ROI) single-entry bookkeeping scam security superannuation tax invoice

finance financial statement fixed cost float fringe benefits fully drawn advance gross income gross profit guarantor hire-purchase initial public offering (IPO) insolvent intangible assets interest rate investment invoice liability line of credit loan loan to value ratio (LVR) margin margin call maturity date net assets overdrawn account owner's equity personal property Personal Property Security Register (PPSR) petty cash profit receipt turnover variable interest rate Venture Capital Working capital