Аудит. Виды аудита. Этика аудита

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WHAT IS AUDITING

Auditing is a very ancient activity. "Audit" is a Latin word that means "he hears". In ancient times auditing was the process when the owner heard the account given by his stewardof the use of the owner's resources. The origin of stewardship goes far back into the middle Ages. Kings or lords who were away at war or for other purposes usually left their estates in the hands of a steward who kept an account of the payments and receipts of the estate. As a rule, the steward used to render an account to the owner, who might be illiterate and had to hear it ("audit" - "he hears").

In the early days of auditing the prime qualification for the position of an auditor was reputation. A man known for his integrity and independence of mind took this honored position, the matter of technical ability was secondary. In those days, the functionof auditor was never confused with that of accountant. However, as accounting gradually became more complex, auditors became increasingly dependent on the expertise provided by accountants. Eventually, the audit function itself became totally dominated by the accountancy profession. By the 19th century, many owners of businesses appointed one of their members to be an auditor of the financial statements prepared by the directors of a company. This was partly because the processof auditing had become more complicated as business itself became more complicated.

In its modern sense, an audit is a process carried out by qualified auditors whose main aim is to give an opinion on whether the financial statements of a company give a fair presentation. This opinion is then embodied in an "audit report". In order to do this, an auditor needs to check the physical existence and valuation of important assets, to examine the systems of internal control to ensure that transactions have been recorded correctly.

The rules for auditing are usually set out in auditing standards.

The qualifications that auditors must have are set: membership of a CPA body in the US, or in the UK membership of one of four of the bodies of the consultative committee of the accountancy bodies. Auditing is carried out by individuals or by firms which vary greatly in size; some firms have hundreds of partners and thousands of staff.

 

12.a. Выберите правильный вариант.

1.Auditing means

a. he hears b. he owns c. he owes

2.____________ kept an account of the payments and receipts of the estate.

a. a king b. a lord c. a steward

3. In the early days of auditing the prime qualification for the position of an auditor was___________________________.

a. education b. reputation c. money

4.______________, many owners of businesses appointed one of their members to be an auditor of the financial statements prepared by the directors of a company.

a. By the 19th century b. By the 18th century c. By the 17th century

5. Nowadays an audit is a process carried out by____________ auditors

a.qualified b. qualification c. qualify

6. Auditors _______________ on if the financial statements of a company are fair.

a. prepare b. make a presentation c. give an opinion

7. ______________ checks the physical existence, valuates important assets and examines the systems of internal control.

a. a tax report b. an audit report c. a financial report

8. _________________ set out the rules for auditing.

a. accounting standards b. technical standards c. auditing standards

9. In the US auditors must be a membership of a ______________body

a. SPA b. QPA c. CPA

10.Individuals or firms ________________________ auditing

a. develop b. carry out c. prepare standards of

 

Учим термины

168. Auditing - проведение ревизии

169. Qualification for the position – уровень квалификации для данной должности

170. Expertise - экспертиза

171. Qualified auditor - квалифицированный аудитор

172. Audit – аудит, ревизия, аудиторская проверка

173. Audit report – аудиторское заключение

174 To check – проверять, контролировать

175. To valuate – оценивать, давать оценку, определять стоимость

176. To examine the systems of internal control

177. To ensure – страховаться, обеспечивать, гарантировать

178. Auditing standards – аудиторские стандарты

179. Partner - партнер

180. Staff - штат

 

13. Прочитайте следующий текст и переведите его на русский язык. Ответьте письменно на вопрос «What must accountants do and what must not?»

Ethics code

Just like any other professional group, accountants have got their own ethics code. In different countries of the world these codes are generally worked out by professional accounting bodies and used as a guide for accountants in the performance of their duties. Ethics codes are generally based on the international ethical standards set by the International Federation of Accountants. The currently used ethics code was adopted by the IFA in 1998.

Naturally, professional ethics is closely connected with the common norms of ethical behavior. Ethical behavior involves choosing actions that are right, proper and just. As a rule, people differ in their views of the meaning of ethical terms. However there is a common principle of all ethical norms expressed by the belief that ethical behavior suggests willingnessto sacrifice one's interests.

Ethical standards are usually affected by cultural factors and may vary across the world. However, in all the countries of the world professional codes of accountants have much in common.

The Russian ethics code outlines the accountant's responsibilities and ethical standards. Thus, all the accountants have an obligation to the organization they serve, their profession, the public and themselves. They are to maintain a high level of professional competence. This is generally done by the development of their knowledge and skills. Apart from that, accountants are to perform their duties in accordance with relevant laws and regulations. The preparation of clear and complete reports must be done after analyses of relevant and reliable information with confidentiality.

What is more important, accountants must refrain from supporting any activity that would discredit the profession. They are also to be objective, because they have a responsibility to communicate information fairly and objectively.

 

13. а. Выберите правильный вариант.

1. Professional ethics is closely connected with the common norms of ethical (manners, norms, behavior.)

2. A common principle of all ethical norms suggests willingness to sacrifice one's (money, life, interests, real estate.)

3. Accountants have got their own ethics (code, standards, law, instructions.)

4. (Political, Economic, and Cultural) factors usually affect ethical standards.

5. The world professional codes of accountants have (little, much, nothing) in common.

6. Accountants (needn’t, mustn’t, can’t) discredit the profession.

7. Professional accounting bodies usually (develop, do, work out, invent) their own ethics code.

8. Ethical behavior doesn’t mean (right, improper, just) actions.

9. All the accountants are to maintain a high level of (professional, language, general) competence.

10. Ethics code is (a law, a normative act, a code, a guide) for accountants in the performance of their duties.

 

Учим термины

181. Ethics code – этический кодекс

182. Ethical behavior – этическое (нравственное) поведение

183. Cultural factors – культурные факторы

184. To have an obligation to the organization – иметь обязательства перед организацией

185. To maintain a high level of professional competence- поддерживать высокий уровень профессиональных компетенций

186. To perform duties in accordance with laws and regulations – выполнять обязанности в соответствии с законодательством и нормативными актами

187. To prepare clear and complete report – готовить четкий и полный отчет

188. To analyze relevant and reliable information – анализировать важную и надежную информацию

189. To discredit the profession – дискредитировать профессию

190. Confidentiality - конфиденциальность, неразглашение информации

191. To communicate information fairly and objectively - честно и объективно доводить информацию до сведения