MATERIAL WEALTH AND НАRD WORK

Another reason why immigrants have traditionally come to the United States is to have a better life — that is, to raise their standard of living. For the vast majority of the immigrants who came here, it was probably the most compelling reason for leav­ing their homeland. Because of its incredibly abundant natural resources, the United States appeared to bе a "land of plenty" where millions could come to seek their fortunes. Of course, most immigrants did not "get rich overnight", and many of them suffered terribly, but the majority of them were eventually able to improve upon their former standard of living. Even if they were not able to achieve the economic success they wanted, they could bе fairly certain that their children would have the op­portunity for a better life. The phrase "going from rags to ri­ches" became a slogan for the great American dream. Because of the vast riches of the North American continent, the dream саmе true for many of the immigrants. They achieved material success; they became very attached to material things. Material wealth became a value to the American people.

Placing a high value on material possessions is called "ma­terialism", but this is a word that most Americans find offensive. To say that a person is "materialistic" is an insult. To an Ame­rican, this means that this person values material possessions above all else. Americans do not like to be called materialistic because they feel that this unfairly accuses them of loving only material things and of having no religious values. In fact, Americans do have other values and ideals. Nevertheless, acquiring and maintaining a large number of material possessions is of very great importance to Most Americans. Why is this so?

Probably the main reason is that material wealth is the most widely accepted measure of social status in the United States. Because Americans rejected the European system of hereditary aristocracy and titles of nobility, they had to find a substitute for judging social status, the quality and quantity of an indivi­dual's material possessions became the accepted measure of success and social status. Moreover, the American Protestant work, ethic associated material success with godliness.

Americans pay a price, however, for their material wealth: hard work. The North American continent was rich in natural re­sources when the first settlers arrived, bat all these resources were undeveloped. Only by hard work could these natural resour­ces be converted into material possessions and a comfortable standard of living. Hard work has been both necessary and re­warding for most Americans throughout their history. Because of this, they have соmе to see material possessions as the natural reward for their hard work. In some ways, material possessions are seen not only as tangible evidence of people's work, but al­so of their abilities. In the late 1700s James Madison, the fa­ther of the American Constitution, stated that the difference in material possessions reflected a difference in personal abilities.

Sore recently, Barry Coldwater, a candidate for the presiden­cy in 1964, said that most poor people are poor because they de-serve to be. Most Americans would find this a harsh statement, but many might think there was some truth in it. Moat Americans believe that if a person works hard, it is possible to hare a good standard of living. In a study of teenagers conducted in 1981, researchers found that over 90 percent of young Americans "think they will achieve what they want in life, and almost eight out of ten think they can get what they want through hard work". There is, however, considerable social pressure not only to maintain a good standard of living bat to improve it.

Since people's status in society is frequently measured by how much they own, Americans often feel pressured to boy more than they need. The saying that someone is "keeping up with the Joneses” expresses this urge to bay possessions that are equal to or better than what others have. If Mr. and Mrs. Jones buy a new car, their neighbors may begin to think about baying one too, even if they don't really need a new car. They want to appear as prosperous as everyone else around them, and this means mak­ing a continuing effort to buy newer and better material goods.

In understanding the relationship between what Americans be­lieve and how they live, it is important to distinguish between idealism and reality. American values such as equality of oppor­tunity and self-reliance are ideals that may not necessarily describe the facts of American life. Equality of opportunity, for example, is an ideal that is not always put into practice. In reality, some people have a better chance for success than others. Those who are born into rich families have more opportu­nities than those who are born into poorer families. Inheriting money does give a person a decided advantage. Many black Americans have fewer opportunities than the average white American, in spite of laws designed to promote equality of opportunity for all races.

The fact that American ideals are only partly carried out in real life does not diminish their importance. Most Americans still believe in them and are strongly affected by them in their everyday lives. It is easier to understand what Americans are thinking and feeling if we can understand what these basic Ame­rican values are and how they influence almost every facet of life in the United States.

The basic values presented in this chapter - individual free­dom, self-reliance, equality of opportunity, competition, materi­al wealth and hard work — do not tell the whole story of the American character. Bather, they should be thought of as theme в which will be developed in our discussions on religion, family life, education, business, and politics. These themes will ap­pear as we continue to explore more facets of the American cha­racter and how it affects life in the United States.

New Words

censorto examine information and exclude anything that is unacceptable

overthrowto take power away from a government by force; to defeat

profounddeep; very important

eliminateto end; to exclude

acquireto get

aptlikely

prestigehonor and respect

abundantplentiful

slogana popular or well-known saying

tangiblereal; able to be seen and touched

harshstrong; cruel

diminishto lessen

thememain idea

Vocabulary Check

1. Analyze the following abstract notions аз they are treat­ed in the text:

individualism

materialism

idealism

self-reliance

charity

equality

goodliness

assertiveness

efficiency

self-improvement

self-help

self-identity

confidentiality

friendliness(superficial ~)

fatalism

optimism

affiliation

competitiveness

2. Study the following idioms and see if you can supply con­texts for them:

To stand on one's own two feet

To go from rags to riches

To keep up with the Joneses

To do one's own thing

To look out for number one

To have a fair share

To get the job done

One man, one vote

To make one's own way in life