Переведите на русский язык слова и словосочетания из текста

1. to mediate many aspects

2. to be entitled to

3. disciplinary procedure

4. statutory rights

5. administration of labour law

6. usual practice

7. social security

8. body of laws

9. legal rights

10. regulations

11. a set of rulings

12. to negotiate an agreement

13. to describe terms

Family Law

Vocabulary

1.custody — опека, попечительство

2. violence at home — насилие в семье (в доме)

3. to commit crimes — совершать преступления

4. welfare — благополучие

5. divorce — раз вод

6. emotional support — эмоциональная поддержка

7. right to property — право на собственность

8. to protect — защищата

9. legitimate — законный

10. to deal with — иметь дело, заниматься

Family law is a branch of law which deals with “domestic relations», it is concerned with such subjects as adoption, divorce, separation, paternity, custody, support and child care.

The law sees the family as a special institution. Family law considers married and unmarried couples, and their children; custody of and responsibility for children; and protection from violence at home.

In some societies the family is thought to be so important that there is very little legal intervention in family life, for example in many Islamic countries. But in many parts of the world, the law now promotes the rights the rights of individuals within the family unit, and regulates family relations through legislation

In general, the welfare of children is the biggest concern of family law. In most countries legal systems treat children differently from adults. In economically developed countries, there are limits on the type and amount of work a child is allowed to do. There are age limits on the rights and duties of citizens. In Britain as in many countries, there are special courts with very strong powers to control and transfer private property in the interests of children. Special courts deal with young people who commit crimes.

The laws in most countries place more emphasis upon marriages legally registered than social arrangements whereby people live together. In Britain, children born outside legitimate marriages have fewer rights to financial support from estranged fathers than legitimate children. In addition, if they are born outside the UK, they are less likely than legitimate children to be granted British citizenship. Their fathers have no automatic right to contact with them. Some welfare payments are calculated on a different basis according to whether recipients are married or not, and more procedures are available to a married woman than an unmarried one in seeking protection from domestic violence.

In English law, some marriages may be dissolved or nullified. A couple may also seek a divorce. The procedure may be lengthy, especially if one does not want to get divorced or if there are children. Divorce proceedings in England take place in certain County Courts known as divorce county courts. Some matters are also dealt with in the Family Division of the High Court. A divorce will not be issued until satisfactory arrangements have been made for any children of the marriage, including determining who is to have custody of the children. In case of property, the courts have to find balance between two principles. One of that is any division should fairly reflect how much each party contributed to the property they held together. Nowadays, courts look beyond legal ownership and cash contributions. Work done in the home, time spent caring for the family, even emotional support, are all considered as giving some rights to property.

 

Переведите на русский язык следующие слова и словосочетания из текста:

1. private

2. register

3. welfare payment

4. citizenship

5. child care

6. age limits

7. legislation

8. emotional support

9. strong powers

10. adoption

 

Contract Law

Vocabulary

1. party to a contract — сторона, заключающая контракт

2. to be binding in law — иметь обязательную силу по закону

3. to make a contract — заключать контракт

4. offer — предложение, оферта

5. acceptance — принятие, акцепт

6. valid — юридически действительный

7. exchange of consideration — обмен встречными удовлетворениями

8. valuable consideration — надлежащее встречное удовлетворение

9. to be enforceable in court of law — способный быть удовлетворен- ным в судебном порядке

10. contract of insurance — контракт по страхованию

11. hire-purchase — купля-продажа в рассрочку

12. to be entitled to a remedy — иметь право на средство судебной защиты

13. remedy — средство судебной защиты

14. breach of contract — нарушение контракта

15. party in breach — сторона, нарушившая контракт

16. injured party — потерпевшая сторона

17. to seek remedies for the breach in court — обращаться в суд для получения средств судебной защиты за нарушение контракта

18. damages — возмещение ущерба, компенсація

19. means — средство, способ

20. monetary compensation — денежная компенсация

21. to suffer some loss– понести убытки

22. mental distress — моральный ущерб

23. to award damages — присуждать возмещение ущерба

24. specific performance — реальное исполнение

25. to claim damages — требовать возмещения ущерба

Contract law is a body of rules governing the formation, performance, and enforcement of contracts. Its major purpose is to protect the reasonable expectations of individuals, businesses, and governments, that contract will be binding on and enforceable by the parties.

A contract is an agreement which is made between two or more parties and which is binding in law.

The parties must have a legal intention to be legally bound before making a contract. They must agree to contract on certain terms, they must know what they are agreeing to

In order to be binding in law the agreement must include an offer and an acceptance of that offer. In every valid contract there must be an exchange of consideration. A valuable consideration is something a person has given, or done, or agreed not to do when making a contract. For example, when you buy an item at a store, your consideration is the money you pay, and the seller’s consideration is the item you buy

Most contracts can be either written or oral. However, certain kinds of contracts must be in writing to be enforceable in court of law. These include contracts for the sale of land and estate, contracts of insurance and hirepurchase.

In a valid contract each person is legally bound to do what is promised. If one party to a contract does not carry out the promise, the other party can go to court and be entitled to a remedy

First, the court must decide if a contract has been made. The judge will also consider if the contract has all the essential elements: an offer, an acceptance and a valuable consideration. It is very important for a judge to consider the capacity of contractors, which is whether they are legally competent to make a contract

When one party refuses to perform or fails to perform the obligations under the contract, it is called a breach of contract. The party in breach must compensate the other party. Accordingly, the injured party may seek any of several remedies for the breach in court. A remedy is the means to enforce a right or to compensate for injury. The usual remedy is damages — monetary compensation. In addition to financial loss a plaintiff sometimes tries to claim damages for mental distress caused by the breach of contract. A court will award damages only for the loss closely connected with the defendant’s breach.

Instead of damages, a plaintiff sometimes asks the court to force the other contractor to carry out the contract. In English law it is called specific performance. Sometimes the court decides to award damages instead of specific performance, and sometimes it awards both.

 

Прочитайте и переведите текст, ответьте на вопросы, выполните упражнения, данные после текста.

1.What is a contract?

2. What must a valid contract include?

3. In what forms do contracts exist?

4. What contracts must always be in writing?

5. What is a breach of a contract?

6. What may the injured party seek in court?

7. What is a remedy?

8. Who must compensate for a breach of a contract?

9. What are damages?

Переведите на русский язык следующие слова и словосочетания.

1) to contract on certain terms

2) to be legally bound

3) valuable consideration

4) party to a contract

5) monetary compensation

6) damages

7) specific performance

8) remedy

9) mental distress

10) injured party