LANGUAGES LIVE AND DEAD.

ARTIFICIAL LANGUAGES. LANGUAGE CONTACTS.

1. Language is to some extent inherent in all living things. Therefore, we can talk about the language of animals, which differs from the human. The most primitive language for ants, hens, elephants. Dolphins have a more complex language. But a person's language is different from the language of animals. The language of animals is biological, that is, the animal is born and already knows its language. The language of animals does not develop. Human language is social, it develops together with society. Animals have signals. People have words.

2. Live is the language that arose at any particular people at a certain historical moment, is a means of communication at the present time and, in connection with this, changes. The dead is a language that at a certain historical moment arose among the people, but because of the socio- political reasons out of use.Languages died in the early stages of human development. An example of dead languages can serve Latin, Ancient Greek and Church Slavonic and others. Under certain conditions, dead languages can be used even now. For example, Latin is the language of medicine, ancient Greek is the language of international terminology, Church Slavonic is the language of religion. If the people had a written language, then the scientists deciphered this language. For example, the Toharian language is Western China up to the 7th century. If the people did not have written language, then the language disappeared without a trace.

3. The natural language is called the language that spontaneously arose from a people. An artificial language is a language specially created by any scientist or group of people to facilitate mutual understanding between peoples. In the whole history of the existence of man-made artificial languages, a great variety has been created.

4. There are types of artificial languages: programming languages, languages for recording scientific facts (language of mathematics, chemistry, etc.), languages for information processing, languages of international communication. The most well-known language of international communication has become the language of Esperanto. He was created by the Polish dentist Ludwig Zamenhof (1859-1917). The vocabulary of this language is based on English, French and Latin. Phonetics is simple.

5. Language contact is the interaction of two or more languages. This interaction influences the structure and vocabulary of one or more languages. The simplest case of language contact is the borrowing of a word from one language to another. For example, the word "parachute" is borrowed from French, "radius" - from Latin. Sometimes morphemes are borrowed. For example, the prefix "anti" means "not", "against": antinational, antiscientific.

1. Which animals have the most primitive language?

2. The language of animals - biological, and human ............

3. List the dead languages.

4. Latin - the language of medicine, Ancient Greek - the language of international terminology, Church Slavonic - the language ............ ...

5. If the people did not have a written language, then the language ...............

6. What is the difference between the human language and the language of animals?

7. What is a dead language?

8. What is a natural language?

9. Write antonyms to the words: 1) live, 2) your own, 3) simple, 4) natural.

10. Give examples of borrowed words with the root "aqua":

11. Why do you think languages disappear? Give reasons, give an explanation.

X. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.

Many countries face a somewhat more serious economic problem in the form of an unfavorable trade balance with other nations. Such an imbalance exists when the total value of a country’s imports exceeds that of its exports. For example, if a country buys $ 25 billion in products from other countries, yet sells only $ 10 billion of its own products overseas, its trade deficit is $ 15 billion. Many underdeveloped nations find themselves in this position because they lack natural resources or the industrial capacity to use these resources, and thus have to import raw materials or manufactured goods. One effect of a trade deficit is the flow of currency out of a country. In the case of an underdeveloped nation, this can cause many financial difficulties, including failure to meet debt payments and obstacles to creation of an industrial base.

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА 5

Для того чтобы правильно выполнить контрольную работу № 5, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка.

1. Причастие I.

2. Причасти II

3. Независимый причастный оборот.

ВАРИАНТ 1

I. Переведите предложения на русский язык и определите в них Participle I и Participle II.

1. Students arriving in Paris visit many various exhibitions.

2. A lady travelling by train took a seat in a compartment where a man was smoking one cigarette after another.

3. The life-guard could save the drowned child because of his excellent training in first aid.

4. He recognized him very easily because he had absolutely big hands, and wearing turquoise tie.

5. We have to repair the broken parts of this engine.

II. Определите функции Participle I и Participle II (определения, обстоятельства или части сказуемого) в следующих предложениях и переведите их на русский язык:

1. Knowing Spanish very well he can write scientific articles without any difficulty.

2. We will use the instruments of improved design.

3. The children were frightened by the terrible storm.

4. We are all concerned about the rising level of unemployment.

5. While examining the new car we found out some scars on it.

III. Употребите Participle I или Participle II в функции определения в следующих предложениях и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The (sorted/sorting) mail was delivered to the offices before noon.

2. The (trembling/ trembled) children were given a blanket and a cup of hot tea for warmth.

3. As we entered the (crowded/crowding) hall, we noticed our

4. The (boring/bored) students went to sleep during the (boring/bored) lecture.

5. (Freezing/frozen) food is easier to prepare than fresh food but is very unhealthy.

IV. Проанализируйте следующие предложения: найдите группу определения с Participle II. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Their attention will be focused on comparative methods applied by different sciences.

2. The complexity of the technique employed involved increased considerably.

3. Every body located on earth is polled downwards by the earth.

4. The nucleus formed by the emissions of the gamma-ray may be unstable.

5. The pressure just calculated is surface pressure.

V. Определите тип причастного оборота (определительный, обстоятельственный, независимый) в следующих предложений и переведите их.

1. Unless heated this substance does not melt.

2. The professor being ill, the lecture was postponed.

3. A graph is given showing the dependence of pressure on temperature.

4. Being invited too late George could not go to the conference.

5. The contract is written in English and Russian, both versions being valid.

VIII. Прочитайте текст и переведите 1, 2 и 3 абзацы текста письменно.