Прочитайте и переведите письменно Текст 1.

Текст 1

International Law

1. We live in a time in which we are confronted with difficult questions concerning the destiny of the world, the future of the human race. Those questions are related in one way or another to the survival of nations, to man’s life and development. Many countries face similar social, economic and political problems and consequently have adopted similar legal solutions. Some areas of the law such as intellectual property and human rights, are particularly concerned with developing laws which are valid internationally.

2. There are two main kinds of international law: private and public. The former concerns the role of foreign laws within a particular country, while public international law deals with relations between states. International law is not new. Nations have always made political and economic treaties with each other. Nevertheless, most international law has been created in the twentieth century.

3. Among the most important international issues nowadays is the problem of elimination from the life of society of war as a means of settling disputes. All countries must work out universally recognized principles of peaceful coexistence of states with different socio-economic systems. This approach is based on the realization that today it is no longer possible to win the arms race, just as it is impossible to win in a nuclear war. The level of armaments stockpiled by all the opposing parties puts them all at the equal risk of being annihilated.

4. International humanitarian issues also include international legal settlement of armed conflicts and protection of their victims. In pursuing this policy, the international community has worked out a number of conventions and other legal instruments. Man’s tremendous technological progress has created the need for all countries to fight for survival in the sphere of ecology. It has been calculated that today the world economy releases into the atmosphere an annual 200 million tons of carbon monoxide; more than 50 million tons of hydrocarbons, 120 million tons of ashes, and I50 million tons of sulphur dioxide. The latter get back at us in the form of acid rain which is gradually destroying the forests in Europe. Other problems have also assumed disastrous proportions. They demand urgent solution and concerted action.

5. Another international humanitarian problem is combating international terrorism. Terrorism not only takes the lives of innocent people but destabilizes international relations. It is a gross violation of human rights. International humanitarian problems can be resolved only on the basis of universally accepted binding principles and rules of contemporary international law.

6. Based on the principles of state sovereignty, territorial integrity of states, peaceful settlements of disputes, non-interference in internal affairs, respect of human rights and basic freedoms, self determination of nations and other principles, international law performs a stabilising function in the system of international relations today.

2. Выпишите из текста английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений: мирное сосуществование; территориальная целостность; устранение войны; урегулирование международных конфликтов; гонка вооружений; осуществлять политику; незаконны оборот наркотиков; нарушение прав человека; взаимная выгода; сторона (договора); договор; обязательные принципы и правила.

Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на употребление инфинитивных оборотов.

1. Would you like me to translate this text?

2. He is thought to be the best player.

3. I felt somebody touch me lightly on the shoulder.

4.  You are supposed to know the laws of your own country.

4. Прочитайте Текст 2 и устно переведите его на русский язык. Письменно переведи­те 3-й абзац текста.

Текст  2

1. Court, also called court of law is a person or body of persons having judicial authority to hear and determine disputes in particular cases, civil, criminal, ecclesiastical, or military. The term “court” also denotes the chamber, hall, building, or other place where such judicial proceedings take place.

2. The word «court» originally meant simply an enclosed place, and still does in the architectural sense. Judicial tribunals were originally enclosures where the judges sat, while counsel, attorneys, and the general public had to remain on the outside of a bar; hence, the expression «called to the bar» is used to apply to a lawyer newly qualified to practice. The first these enclosures were temporary structures in an open field; later, they became fixtures in a large room or hall, the courtroom.

3. The recognized existence of even primitive courts implies a relatively high degree of social organization and the need for systematic adjudication of disputes on the basis of established customs and consciously formulated rules of social conduct. Archaeologists and anthropologists have established the existence of courts in simple societies over wide areas of Asia, Africa, and Europe; courts were not as widespread among the Native Americans of North and South America. Primitive courts formed part of a complex social structure in which administrative, judicial, and religious functions were intermingled. These courts were held in the-open or in religious temples. More often than not, the judges were priests. The proceedings consisted in large part of rituals designed to secure the redress of grievances presented by individuals against other individuals.

4. In the highly developed civilizations of antiquity, notably those of Asyria and Egypt, judicial and executive functions were undifferentiated and were centralized in the monarch as head of state. Insight into the structure and functions of Babylonian courts of the 18th century BC was obtained when the ancient legal document known as the Code of Hammurabi was discovered early in the 20th century. A highly developed judicial system existed also among the ancient Hebrews.

5. The evolution of courts in ancient Rome was marked by the development of a complex structure in which criminal, civil and other jurisdictions were differentiated and were ex­ercised by separate courts and officials. Violations of criminal law were prosecuted by the state; higher and lower courts were organized; the right of appeal was juridically guaranteed; and a corps of professional jurists was established for the first time in the history of Mediterranean civilization. After Christianity became the state religion of Rome, the ecclesiastical courts, previously established by Christians who had refused to have recourse to pagan courts, became a part of the Roman legal system. As the Roman Empire disintegrated, the ecclesiastical courts survived and assumed jurisdiction over secular affairs.

6. In Europe in the early Middle Ages the judicial functions were not yet separate from the legislative and administrative functions. The king or other ruler, together with his chief councillors, sat in a meeting hall for the exercise of all these functions, and so the household of the ruler was also called «the court». Since all judicial authority was derived from the ruler, his presence was assumed in all the specialized courts. From the 12th century onward the increasing number of university-trained civilians and canonists created a recognized legal profession, and the rise of the legal profession also determined the gradual separation of judicial from administrative functions.

5. Выполните лексико-грамматические задания на основе содержания Tекста 2:

5 .1. Выпишите из текста английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений: Выпишите из текста английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений: группа людей, судебные полномочия, судья, рассмотрение дела в суде (судебное разбирательство), судебное решение, спор, дело (в суде), сторона в гражданском процессе, должностное лицо, нарушение уголовного закона.

5.2. Озаглавьте текст. Напишите на английском языке краткую аннотацию прочи­танного текста (не более 5 предложений).

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