Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты следующих слов и сочетаний слов.

1.    земная кора                             a) sandstone

2.    растворяться в воде                    б) fine-grained sand

3.    песчаник                                 в) the Earth's crust

4.    уплотненные осадки                         г) exposed rocks

5.    изверженные породы            д) to dissolve in water

6.    мелкозернистый песок          е) like gypsum

7.    затвердевать                            ж) consolidated sediments

8.    подобно гипсу                        з) igneous rocks

9.    обнаженные породы                          и) to solidify, to consolidate

 

Б) Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний слов.

1.    coarse-grained sand                    а) разрушительная сила воды

2.    siltstone and shale                    б) пластовые месторождения

3.    the destructive action of water     в) доледниковый период

4.    existing rocks                           г) крупнозернистый (грубо- зернистый) песок

5.    chemical decay                         д) частицы вещества

6.    sedimentary rocks                    e) алеврит и сланец

7.    stratified deposits                     ж) существующие породы

8.    pre-glacial period                     з) осадочные породы

9.    particles of a substance            и) химический распад

Английский язык

Вариант №7

The Statue of Liberty symbolizes ...

a) a woman with a torch;              b) a land of freedom;

c) the man's sculpture;                  d) the commercial center of New York;

Who arrived at Plymouth Rock in 1620?

a) the Indians;       b) the pilgrims;      c) the French; d) the Americans;

Who is officially the head of state in Great Britain?

a) the Parliament;                          d) Conservative Party;

b) the Prime Minister;                   e) the King or Queen;

c) Labour Party;

How many parts does Great Britain include?

a) 2;            b) 3;           c) 4;            d) 1;

Who is officially the head of the state and the government of the USA?

a) Congress;                      d) President;

b) Republican Party;         e) Communist Party;

c) Democratic Party;

Where was William Shakespeare born?

a) in London;         d) in Liverpool;

b) in Edinburgh;                e) in Cardiff;

c) in Stratford-on-Avon;

What is the most important festival of the year for the most British?

a) Halloween; b) Christmas; c) New Year's Day;

d) St.Valentine’s Day;

Whitehall is...

a) the street in London;                b) the prison;

c) the square;         d) the supermarket;           e) the museum;

9. The flag of the United Kingdom is known as …

a) a Red Rose;                   b) St. George;        c) the Union Jack;     

d) the Stars and Stripes;

Which is the largest industrial and most densely populated country of the UK?

a) England;        b) Scotland;           c) Wales;    d) Northern Ireland;

11. Do you … clean the house every day or every week?

a) must;                  b) had to;

c) have to;              d) have;

12. They … do their homework today because it is a holiday at the school.

a) must not;           b) had not to;

c) don't have to;    d) don't have;

13. I may … go to Paris next week because there is a very big exhibition there.

a) had to;               b) had;

c) have to;              d) have;

14. The girl says she … for her parents.

a) has waited;        b) waits;

c) is waiting;          d) will wait;

15. We saw the castles that … centuries before.

a) had been built;              b) are built;

c) were built;         d) built;

16. I thought you … so I tried to be quiet.

a) slept;                              b) were sleeping;

c) had slept;                       d) had been sleeping;

17. When we arrived at the airport, we found that the flight … .

a) had been cancelled;                  b) is being cancelled;

c) has been cancelled;       d) is cancelled;

18. The flowers in the flowerbeds … by this evening.

a) are being watered;         b) were watered;

c) will have been watered; d) are watered;

19. America … several centuries ago.

a) had been discovered;                b) was discovered;

c) will be discovered;        d)is discovered;

20. The floors in the office … every day.

a) are swept;                                  b) will have been swept;

c) were being swept;                     d)was swept;

Вариант 8

contain - v содержать ( в себе ), вмещать

crack - n трещина; щель; v давать трещину; трескаться, раскалываться

contract - v сжиматься; сокращаться

dust - n пыль

expand - v расширяться); увеличивать(ся) в объеме; expansion п расширение; ant contract

fissure - n трещина (в породе, угле); расщелина; щель

fracture - n трещина; излом; разрыв; v ломать(ся); раздроблять (породу)

freeze - v замерзать; замораживать; застывать

gradual - а постепенный; gradually adv постепенно

hard - а твердый, жесткий; ant soft; тяжелый (о работе); adv сильно, упорно; hardly adv едва, с трудом

hole - n отверстие; скважина; шпур; шурф

influence - n влияние; v ( on, upon) влиять (не что-л.)

lateral - а боковой

occur - v залегать; случаться; происходить; syn take place, happen; occurrence - п залегание; mode of occurrence - условия залегания

penetrate - v проникать (внутрь), проходить через (что-л.)

phenomenon - n явление; pi phenomena

pressure - n давление; lateral pressure боковое (горизонтальное) давление; rock pressure горное давление, давление породы

rate - n степень, темп; скорость, норма; производительность; сорт; syn speed, velocity

refer - v (to) ссылаться (на что-л.); относиться (к периоду, классу)

resist - v сопротивляться; противостоять; противодействовать; resistance - n сопротивление; resistant - а стойкий; прочный; сопротивляющийся

size - n размер; величина; класс (угля)

solution – n раствор; soluble - а растворимый; solvent - растворитель; а растворяющий

succession – n последовательность, непрерывный ряд; in succession последовательно

undergo (underwent, undergone) - v испытывать (что-л.), подвергаться (чему-л.)

uniform – a однородный; одинаковый

weathering - n выветривание; эрозия (воздействию, влиянию и т.д.)

to be subjected to подвергаться

Weathering of Rocks

All rocks which are exposed on the Earth's surface (high mountain peaks, deserts) are decomposed to a certain degree. The process of rock disintegration by the direct influence of local atmospheric conditions on the Earth's surface is called weathering. This phenomenon is often referred to in geology because weathering is an active process. It takes place in the upper layers of the Earth's crust.

The main cause of physical weathering is the change in temperature that takes place with the succession of day and night. This phenomenon can best be observed in the deserts and high mountains where the changes in temperature are common.

During the day under the influence of heat, rocks expand whereas at night they begin to contract. As rocks are generally composed of different minerals, their expansion and contraction do not occur uniformly. As a result of this rocks crack. At the beginning these cracks or fissures are hardly noticeable but gradually they become wider and deeper until the whole surface of rock is finally transformed into gravel, sand or dust.

In the regions of a moderate or cold climate, where the temperature in winter goes down to below 0 (zero), the decomposition of rocks is greatly facilitated by the action of water. When water freezes it increases in volume and develops enormous lateral pressure. Under the action of water, rocks decompose to pieces of varied forms and sizes.

The decomposition of rocks under the direct influence of heat and cold is called physical weathering.

Rocks are subjected not only to physical decomposition but also to chemical weathering, i.e. to the action of chemical agents, such as water, carbon dioxide and oxygen. In a general way, chemical weathering is an acid attack on the rocks of the Earth's crust, in particular an attack on the most abundant minerals — quartz (sand) and aluminosilicates (clays). Only few minerals and rocks are resistant to the action of natural waters. The solvent action of water is stronger when it contains carbon dioxide. Water causes more complex and varied changes. With the participation of oxygen and carbon dioxide up to 90 per cent of rocks is transformed into soluble minerals, which are carried away by the waters.

Organisms and plants also take part in the disintegration of rocks. Certain marine organisms accelerate the destruction of rocks by making holes in them to live in. The action of plants can often be even more destructive. Their roots penetrate into the fissures of rocks and develop the lateral pressure which fractures and destroys rocks.

 

1. Укажите, какие предложены соответствуют содержанию текста. Подтвердите свои ответы фактами из текста.

1. The process of sedimentation is called weathering.

2. The change in temperature causes physical weathering.

3. As a rule during the night rocks expand.

4. When freezing water decreases in volume and develops enormous lateral pressure.

5. The decomposition of rocks is due to the influence of heat and cold.

6. As a rule water contains dissolved mineral substances.

7. The solvent action of water is stronger when it does not contain carbon dioxide.

8. It should be noticed that the action of organisms and plants is destructive.

9. Certain marine organisms accelerate the destruction of rocks.

 

2.    Ответьте на следующие вопросы :

1. What process is called weathering?

2. What process is called physical weathering?

3. Where can the phenomenon of physical weathering be best observed?

4. What process is called chemical weathering?

5. What substances can act as solvents?

6. Are all minerals and rocks resistant to the action of natural waters or only few minerals and rocks can resist the action of water?

7. How do organisms act on the destruction of rocks?

 

3.    а) Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты следующих слов и сочетаний слов:

1.    the Earth's surface

2.    to be composed of different minerals

3.    the expansion of rocks

4.    changes in temperature

5.    under the influence of heat

6.    weathering

7.    destructive forces

8.    a great number of fractures

9.    to penetrate into fissures

а)    под влиянием тепла

б)    разрушительные силы

в)    выветривание

г)    большое количество трещин

д)    состоять из различных минералов

е)    расширение пород

ж)   проникать в трещины

з)    изменения температуры

и)   поверхность земли

 

б) Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты следующих слов и сочетаний слов:

1.    увеличиваться в объеме

2.    развивать боковое давление

3.    способствовать разрушению пород

4.    подвергаться гниению

5.    растворять вещества

6.    сопротивляться (чему-л.)

7.    некоторые органические вещества

8.    ускорять процесс выветривания

9.    куски породы различных размеров

а)    to facilitate the decomposition of rocks

б)    to increase in volume

в)    to resist (smth)

r)    rock pieces of varied (different) sizes

д)    to accelerate the process of weathering

е)    to be subjected to decay

ж)   to dissolve substances

з)    to develop lateral pressure

и)   certain organic substances

 

Английский язык

Вариант №8