The Statue of Liberty symbolizes ...

a) a woman with a torch;              b) a land of freedom;

c) the man's sculpture;                  d) the commercial center of New York;

Which part of London can be called its centre?

a) the City;            b) the West End;   c) the East End;     d) the Westminster;

Who is officially the head of state in Great Britain?

a) the Parliament;                          d) Conservative Party;

b) the Prime Minister;                   e) the King or Queen;

c) Labour Party;

4. What's the capital city of Scotland?

a) London;             b) Edinburgh; c) Glasgow;           d) Cardiff;

Who is officially the head of the state and the government of the USA?

a) Congress;                      d) President;

b) Republican Party;         e) Communist Party;

c) Democratic Party;

6. The United Kingdom is a …

a) constitutional monarchy; b) republic;            c) empire;   d) monarchy;

What is the most important festival of the year for the most British?

a) Halloween; b) Christmas; c) New Year's Day;

d) St.Valentine’s Day;

How many chambers does the British Parliament consist of?

a) one;                    b) two;                   c) three;                             d) four;

9. The flag of the United Kingdom is known as …

a) a Red Rose;                   b) St. George;        c) the Union Jack;     

d) the Stars and Stripes;

The oldest royal residence is ...

a) Buckingham Palace;                             d) Covent Garden;

b) The Tower of London;             e) The City;

c) Westminster Abby;

11. Do you … clean the house every day or every week?

a) must;                  b) had to;

c) have to;              d) have;

12. She tried to get out of the house, but … . The doors were locked.

a) couldn’t;                       b) wouldn’t;

c) was to;                          d) needn’t;

13. I may … go to Paris next week because there is a very big exhibition there.

a) had to;               b) had;

c) have to;              d) have;

14. He explained that they … for us at seven near the gate.

a) would be waiting;         b) will be waiting;

c) would wait;                   d) will wait;

15. We saw the castles that … centuries before.

a) had been built;              b) are built;

c) were built;         d) built;

16. We wanted to know where she … her holiday.

a) would be spending;                              b) was going to spend;

c) is going to spend;                    d) is spending;

17. When we arrived at the airport, we found that the flight … .

a) had been cancelled;                  b) is being cancelled;

c) has been cancelled;       d) is cancelled;

Guernica ... by Picasso.

a) has painted;       b) is painted;

c) paints;                            d) was painted;

19. America … several centuries ago.

a) had been discovered;                b) was discovered;

c) will be discovered;        d)is discovered;

Alpha Romeo cars ...in Italy.

a) made;                                                    b) make;

c) are made;                                              d) has been made;

Вариант 10

band - n слой; полоса; прослоек (породы); syn layer

cleave - v расщепляться; трескаться, отделяться по кливажу; cleavage n кливаж

constituent - n составная часть, компонент

define - v определять, давать определение

distribute - v ( among) распределять (между); раздавать;

disturb - v нарушать; смещать

excess - n избыток, излишек; ant deficiency

flaky - а слоистый; похожий на хлопья

fluid - n жидкость; жидкая или газообразная среда

foliate - v расщепляться на тонкие слои; foliated - а листоватый, тонкослоистый; syn flaky

marble - n мрамор

mention - v упоминать, ссылаться; n упоминание

plate - n пластина; полоса (металла)

pressure - n давление; rock pressure ( underground pressure) горное давление, давление горных пород

relate - v относиться; иметь отношение; related а родственный; relation - n отношение; relationship - n родство; свойство; relative - а относительный; соответственный

run ( ran, run) - v бегать, двигаться; течь; работать (о машине); тянуться, простираться; управлять (машиной); вести (дело, предприятие)

schistose - a сланцеватый; слоистый

sheet - n полоса

slate - n сланец; syn shale

split ( split) - v раскалываться, расщепляться, трескаться; syn cleave

trace - n след; tracing – n прослеживание

at least по крайней мере

to give an opportunity (of) давать возможность (кому-л., чему-л.)

in such a way таким образом

Metamorphic Rocks

The problem discussed concerns metamorphic rocks which compose the third large family of rocks. "Metamorphic" means "changed from". It shows that the original rock has been changed from its primary form to a new one. Being subjected to pressure, heat and chemically active fluids beneath the Earth's surface, various rocks in the Earth's crust undergo changes in texture, in mineral composition and structure and are transformed into metamorphic rocks. The process described is called metamorphism.

As is known, metamorphic rocks have been developed from earlier igneous and sedimentary rocks by the action of heat and pressure.

Gneisses, mica schists, phyllites, marbles, slate, quartz, etc. belong to the same group of rocks. Having the same mineral composition as granite, gneisses consist chiefly of quartz, orthoclase and mica. However unlike granite, they have a schistose structure. It means that their constituents are distributed in bands or layers and run parallel to each other in one direction. If disturbed the rock cleaves easily into separate plates.

The role of water in metamorphism is determined by at least four variable geologically related parameters: rock pressure, temperature, water pressure, and the amount of water present.

During a normal progressive metamorphism rock pressure and temperature are interdependent, and the amount of water and the pressure of water are related to the sediments and to the degree of metamorphism in such a way that, generally speaking, the low-grade metamorphic rocks are characterized by the excess of water. The medium-grade rocks defined by some deficiency of water and the high-grade metamorphic rocks are characterized by the absence of water.

Many of the metamorphic rocks mentioned above consist of flaky materials such as mica and chlorite. These minerals cause the rock to split into thin sheets, and rocks become foliated.

Slate, phyllite, schist and gneiss belong to the group of foliated metamorphic rocks. Marble and quartzite are non-foliated metamorphic rocks.

The structure of metamorphic rocks is of importance because it shows the nature of pre-existing rocks and the mechanism of metamorphic deformation. Every trace of original structure is of great importance to geologists. It gives an opportunity of analysing the causes of its metamorphism.

Being often called crystalline schists, metamorphic rocks such as gneisses and mica have a schistose structure. Metamorphic rocks represent the oldest portion of the Earth's crust. They are mostly found in the regions of mountain belts where great dislocations on the Earth once took place.

 

1). Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют содержанию текста. Подтвердите свои ответы фактами из текста.

1. Generally speaking, metamorphic rocks have been developed from ores.

2. Marble, slate and phyllite belong to the group of metamorphic rocks.

3. As is known, unlike granite metamorphic rocks have a schistose structure.

4. It is quite obvious that the role of water in metamorphism is great.

5. As a rule, low-grade metamorphic rocks are characterized by the absence of water.

6. Flaky materials cause the rock to split into thin sheets.

7. It should be noted that marble and quartzite are foliated metamorphic rocks.

8. The structure of metamorphic rocks shows the nature of older preexisting rocks and the mechanism of metamorphic deformation as well.

9. All metamorphic rocks are non-foliated.

 

       2). Ответьте на вопросы :

1. Do you know how metamorphic rocks have been formed?

2. Which rocks belong to the group of metamorphic?

3. Does gneiss have the same structure as granite?

4. Is the role of water great in metamorphism?

5. What rocks do we call foliated? What can you say about non-foliated metamorphic rocks?

6. How can geologists trace the original structure of metamorphic rocks?

7. Why are metamorphic rocks often called crystalline schists?