Simple
(Indefinite)
1. Факт
2. Регулярное действие
He is a pupil.
Is he a pupil?
He goes to school every day.
Does he go to school every day?
every day (week), usually, often, always, seldom, rarely, never, sometimes, occasionally
He was a pupil last year.
Was he a pupil last year?
He went to school yesterday.
Did he go to school yesterday?
yesterday, last year (week), ago
He will be a pupil next year.
Will he be a pupil next year?
He will go to school tomorrow.
Will he go to school tomorrow?
next year (month), tomorrow, in (a week)
Continuous (Progressive)
действие, происходящее в определенный момент
(know, consider, believe, want, like, feel, love, think)
He is reading now.
Is he reading now?
now, at present, at the moment, still, whileLook! Listen!
He was reading.
Was he reading?
at 5, the whole day yesterday
from 5 till 7 last Sunday
when I came
He will be reading.
Will he be reading?
at 5 tomorrow
from 5 till 7 tomorrow
when I come
Perfect
действие, совершенное к определенному моменту
He has already read this book.
Has he read this book yet?
already, just, never, ever, yet, recently, lately, this year (week), today
He had read the book.
Had he read the book?
By 5 o’clock
When I came
before, after
He will have read this book.
Will he have read this book?
by 5 tomorrow
When I come
Perfect Continuous
(Perfect Progressive)
действие, начавшееся до определенного момента и продолжающееся в этот момент
He has been reading the book
Since 2 o’clock
For 3 hours
But: I have known him for 2 years
He had been reading the book for 2 hours
By 5 o’clock
When I came
He will have been reading the book for 2 hours.
Will he have been reading the book for 2 hours?
By 5 o’clock
when I come
Таблица 2
Таблица всех времен в страдательном залоге
(Tenses in Passive Voice)
Present
Past
Future
Future in-the-Past
Simple
(Indefinite)
Letters are written every day
The letter was written yesterday
The letter will be written tomorrow
(He said that) the letter would be written the next day
Continuous
(Progressive)
The letter is being written now
The letter was being written at 5 o’clock yesterday
______
______
Perfect
The letter has already been written
The letter had been writtenby 5 o’clock yesterday
The letter will have been written by 5 o’clock tomorrow
(He said that) he would have been writtenby 5 o’clock the next day
Perfect Continuous
(Perfect Progressive)
_______
_______
_______
_______
Таблица 3
Правила согласования времен
(Sequence of Tenses)
Сдвиг времен в придаточном дополнительном при главном предложении в прошедшем времени
Present Simple –
Past Simple
Present Continuous –
Past Continuous
Действие придаточного предложения происходит одновременно с действием главного.
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Past Simple
Действие придаточного предложения предшествует действию главного.
Future – Future-in-the-Past
Действие придаточного предложения совершается позже действия главного.
Употребляя простые предложения в роли придаточных дополнительных при главном предложении в прошедшем времени, сдвигайте времена, как указано в таблице:
He lives in New York.
I thought that he lived in New York.
Mother is sleeping.
I knew that mother was sleeping.
Одновременное действие
Одновременное действие
He has returned from London.
I was told that he had returned from London.
He bought a new car.
I heard that he had bought a new car.
Предшествующее действие
Предшествующее действие
He will send us a letter.
I supposed that he would send us a letter.
Последующее действие
Таблица 4
Правила перевода прямой речи в косвенную речь
(Reported speech)
Косвенная речь
При переводе предложений в косвенную речь не забывайте заменять обстоятельства времени, как указано в таблице
Direct speech
Indirect speech
now
today
yesterday
tomorrow
… ago
this …
these …
here
last year
last month
last …
next …
then
that day
the day before
the next day
… before
that …
those …
there
the year before
the month before
the … before
the following …