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Combination of real and unreal situations



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1. Translate the sentences paying attention to the predicates.

1. When it comes to lying, if you have to create something, you would want to pause longer because you would want to be careful about what you are going to say.

2. We dida study showing that if we want to stabilize temperatures through emission reductions, they would need to be cut to zero.

3. The problem is you would have to grow corn on some pretty rocky soils. It's not clear that you would get more production even if climate favors them.
4. If these kinds of terrible conditions start becoming commonplace we would be facing a situation where many people are starving from power plants, which exert a cooling influence today.

5. Any attempt to proscribe such technologies will not only deprive human society of profound benefits, but will drive these technologies underground, which would make the dangers worse.

6. If cheaper means of synthesis cannot be discovered, it would make it financially impossible to apply this technology to commercial-scale applications.

19. If more general systems are likely to emerge, we would be foolish to omit them from our calculations.

20. If dark matter particlesare their own antiparticles, the energy released when they annihilate themselves would heat up the planets far more than mere collisions with atoms.

 

Different time in the two parts

 

1. Translate the sentences.

 

1. Who would have guessed that a lowly trash bag might hold the key to sending humans to Mars?

2. Whatever the dark matteris, it must interact weakly with ordinary matter; otherwise itwould have shown itself in other ways.

3. The technology of the IGBT was introduced into the European industrial laboratory two or three years before it would normally have been

4.If the value of some of these parameters had been even slightly different, the nuclear processes that power starswould likely have been disrupted, and without stars the universe would be a very different place

 

Inversion in sentences with unreal conditions

1. Study the structure of the sentences.

1. Werethe value any bigger, space would expand so quickly that the universe would lack the structures that life requires. In a way, then, our very existence predicts the low value of the constant.

2. This straightforward technique might already be in common use, were it not for the draw backs associated with light-sensitive materials.

3.Had that material been maintained in the atmosphere it would have been more than enough to offset all the global warming expected this century.

4. This straightforward technique might already be in common use. were it not for the draw backs associated with light-sensitive materials.

2.Work out the rule.

Inversion can be used in sentences with real / unreal condition.

 

Part II

Practice

1.Sentences to be translated.

1. If one were able to move information or matter from one point to another faster than light, then according to special relativity, there would be some inertial frame of reference in which the signal or object was moving backwards in time.

2. If superintelligent aliens appeared and claimed credit for creating life on earth (or even particular species), the purely evolutionary explanation would be cast in doubt. But no one has yet produced such evidence.

3. The classic example of a problem involving causality is the "grandfather paradox": what if one were togo back in time and kill one's own grandfather before one's father was conceived?

4. Such position is not shared by the elected leaders of New Mexico — if it were, the arguing would be over by now.

5. If the assembly werecooled merely by air, the metal surrounding the nuclear material wouldmelt; it might even burn.

6, Einstein pointed out that many anomalous experiments could be explained if the energy of a Maxwell Ian light wave were localized into point-like quanta that move independently of one another, even if the wave itself is spread continuously over space.

7. If we restrict the computer to functioning at a cold temperature, if we find a way to let it get hot, we could improve that by a factor of another 100 million.

8. It would be fascinating if there were a halo of dark matter around Earth, just as there are the Van Allen belts, or rings around Saturn,

2. Decide whether the condition in the following sentences is real or unreal.

3. Translate the sentences.

1. If we hope to form a realistic view of the future, we cannot ignore it.

2. If they make all the parts right - including the way they mesh to form the whole - then the whole, too, will be right.

3. If the cosmic clock were rolled back to an early stage in the universe, these two forces wouldcombine into a single force.

4. If everyone told everyone else the truth, relationships would descend into chaos.

5. So if a utility's customer base expanded or customers used more electricity then expected, it was to the benefit of a company's bottom line.

6. If the mass were reduced by a factor of more than about 10, nuclei could be made not just of protons and neutrons but also of other baryons containing strange quarks.

7. If customers used less electricity than expected, utilities failed to recover their capital costs, let alone secure money for profits or to invest in future projects.

8. If this estimate is supported by radioactive-dating tests soon to be undertaken at the University of California, the skull is the oldest yet discovered of the tool-making man.

9. If an event horizonhas an extreme but finite spacetime curvature and gravity, how can there be any path between a low-gravity and curvature region and a singularity without passing through a horizon?

10. If the mass of the quarks were changed so that the neutron became 2 percent heavier than the proton, no long-lived form of carbon or oxygen would exist.

11. During the 1980s, many analysts thought industrial robotics wouldtake off

12. If one were to see the night sky as a black wall and expect the technology race to screech to a polite halt, then it would be natural to fear that long-lived people would be a burden on the poor, crowded world of our children.

Writing a paper

1.Make sentences.

Ex: If dinosaurs were still alive, our planet would look different.

If……were ……. the Universe would….

If ……. had been .. we could…..

In case … scientists might….

Unless….. the Earth

2.Write several conditional sentences.

Ex: Had we had that instrument then, we would have got more accurate result.

Could…

Should…

Were… (для настоящего времени)

Had… ( для прошедшего времени)

3. Write a paragraph on the subject of your research. Include 4–5 conditional sentences.

 


Part III

Vocabulary

1. Read the following.

It seems plausible that intelligent life requires some form of organic chemistry, which is by definition the chemistry that involvescarbon. The chemical properties of carbon follow from the fact that its nucleus has an electric charge of 6, so that six electrons orbit in a neutral carbon atom. These properties allow carbon toform an immense varietyof complex molecules. Furthermore,for complex organic molecules to form, elements with the chemistry of hydrogen (charge 1) and oxygen (charge 8) need to be present. To see if they could maintain organic chemistry, then, the team had to calculate whether nuclei of

charge 1, 6 or 8 woulddecay radioactively before they could participate in chemical

reactions.

The stability of a nucleus partly depends on its mass, which in turn depends on the masses of the baryons it is made of. Computing the masses of baryons and nucleistarting from the masses of the quarks is extremely challenging even in our universe. But aftertweaking the

intensity of the interaction between quarks,one can use the baryon masses measured in our universe to estimate how small changes to the masses of the quarks would affect the masses of nuclei.

In our world, the neutron is roughly 0.1 percent heavier than the proton.If the masses of the quarks were changed so that the neutron became 2 percent heavier than the proton, no long-lived form of carbon or oxygenwould exist. If quark masses wereadjustedto make the proton heavier than the neutron, then the proton in a hydrogen nucleus would capture the surrounding electron and turn into a neutron, so that hydrogen atoms could not exist for very long. But deuterium or tritium might still be stable, and so would some forms of oxygen and carbon. Indeed, we found that onlyif the proton became heavier than the neutron by more than about 1 percent would there cease to be some stable form of hydrogen.

2. Translate the word combinations in bold type.

2.Find an equivalent of the word combination follow from the fact that.

3. Answer the questions.

 

1. Should we translate the word fact into Russian?

2. Why is the word one used in the sentence?

4. Translate the sentences.

a)

1.To appreciatethe significance of such an event, one needs to recognize that scientists have spent the past 40 years buildinga magnificent theoretical house of cards

2. One can think of scheduling information associated with an interface as an extension of the usual type signature of a module.

3. The shape of the device is similar to onedescribed in July by a group from the California Institute of Technology.

4. One can think of scheduling information associated with an interface as an extension of the usual type signature of a module.

b)

1. Gradually these primitive drawings turned into letters.

2. The spread of ideas was rapid, and led in its turn to the writing of more books.

Any situation you can set up in a time travel story turns out to permit many consistent situations.

3. Soon, many surgeonscould be turning to nanotechnology and performing delicate tasks by remotely controlling tiny robots, similar in size to a grain of rice, that could travel through the body.

4. When one of the particles is stressed enough to sip, the slip propagates to adjacent patches, which rupture in turn like falling dominoes.

5. Changing the quark masses will inevitablyaffect which baryons and which atomic nuclei can exist without decaying quickly. In turn, the different assortment of atomic nuclei will affect chemistry.

6. As it turns out, these new ideas have implications for cosmology that are as important as the original idea of the hot big bang


c)

1. This "control flow" approach would be replaced by a "data flow" model in which the operations are executed in an order resulting only from the interdependences of the data.

2. In common parlance, the term “greenhouse effect” may be used to refer either to the natural greenhouse effect, due to naturally occering greenhouse gases, or to anthropogenic greenhouse effect, which results from gasses emitted as a result of human activities.

3. There are many theories as to what will result from these collisions, but what's for sure is that a brave new world of physics will emerge from the new accelerator

4. Higher temperatures and changes in precipitation result in pressure on yields from important crops in much of the world.

5. The fast rate of rotation and the planet’s gaseous composition create unusually flat poles, and result in bulges at the equator.

6. These factors arise mainly as a result of the nonlinearity of Einsteinian equations, and detailed studies of collapse models imply that gravity can be arbitrarily large and dense in a stellar collapse butstill not inescapable.

d)

1. The hundreds of rings orbiting around Saturn are made up of billions of ice and rock particles, with sizes ranging from small debris to chunks as big as houses.

2. The ones and zeros that make up the data set are first split into two-dimensional pages of data lines of light and dark pixels displayed on a screen.

 

5. Make sentences.

 

Matter students

The group is atoms

The galaxy are made (up) of particles

Atoms stars

The system elements


LESSON 10

Infinitive

Part I

Grammar

 

I

General

1. Read the text paying special attention to the parts in bold.

 

The U.S. government is launching a $50-million effort to enable supercomputer-powered climate models to deliver regional impacts. The goal will be to deliver a scientific basis for regional planning purposes, whether that involves adaptation to a disappearing coastline or to the expected severity of droughts.

A big part of the effort will rely on advances in computer power; the Department of Energy (DoE) now hosts the world's most powerful supercomputer at its Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Such petaFLOP-scale (quadrillion-operation-per-second) computers will help scientists to improve both the time and spatial scales of their models. "We love to be able to go exoscale – another 1,000 times faster and bigger," William Brinkman, head of the DoE Office of Science, said during the Webcast. "Climate modeling is probably the driving force to continue up that direction, more than any other modeling.

Ultimately, the biggest impacts to be felt regionally may be on agriculture. "Producers of food will need to know what to expect in the future to be ready for the kinds of changes that are anticipated," said Department of Agriculture chief scientist, Roger Beachy. "We are concerned about the impact on our ability to grow food."

 

For its part, Agriculture hopes to be able to determine what the overriding impacts and concerns might be for a given multistate region as well as offer advice on farming practices that might curtail agricultural contributions to greenhouse gas emissions.

 

2. Study the use of the Infinitive in the passage above.

3. Give Russian equivalents of the sentences with the Infinitive.

 

4. Determine the function of the Infinitive in each case.

 

 

II

Infinitive forms

 

Simple (to V)

 

1. Read the following paying attention to the form of the Infinitive.

Egged on by the suggestion that such new dark matter particles in our galactic halo might be directly detectable, a brave set of experimentalists began to devise techniques to observe them with detectors deep underground, far from the reach of most cosmic rays that would overwhelm such acute sensors.

 

 

Continuous (to be + Ving)

 

Read the sentences and explain the use of the infinitive form.

 

1. As the ambulance was approaching us on the street, the sound of its siren seemed to be changing.

2. The conditions of modern life could be driving changes to genes for certain behavioral traits.

3. As this material disappears into the black hole it is reckoned to be emitting a stream of X-rays, and these are what astronomers are observing.

 

 

Perfect (to have + Ved/V3)

 

1. Read and translate the sentences.

 

1. The company is confident enough in its new technology to have started construction of a new lab expected to mass-produce up to 500 such systems annually.

2. Galileo’s biggest contribution may have been his systematic study of motion, which was based on simple mathematical descriptions.

3. Bell seems to have been the first person to ask himself precisely what that question means.

4. Bell reasoned that if any manifestly and completely local algorithm existed, then Einstein and Bohr would have been right.

 

2. Answer the questions.

 

1. Do the situations if the predicate and the infinitive part happen at the same time?

2. Why is the Perfect Infinitive used in the above sentences?

Part II

Practice

 

Some functions of the Infinitive

 

Subject

 

Read the sentence and the example translation.

 

To control an experiment means to control all of the variables so that only a single variable is studied

Управлять экспериментом означает контролировать все переменные таким образом, чтобы для изучения оставалась лишь одна из них.

 

2. Translate the sentences.

1. To prevent this agricultural crisis would require an investment of at least $7 billion per year in the most affected countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America for increased agricultural research into, for example, drought-resistant crop varieties

2. To understand how the microbes will work and how quickly will require a better understanding of exactly how much oil is out there.

3. To assure adequate security in cyberspace is essential for leveraging the Internet’s power to increase productivity and provide competitive advantage.

Adverbial Modifier

 

Read the sentence and the example translation.

 

To survive, a commercial technology must not only work well, it must compete in the marketplace.

 

Для того чтобы выжить, промышленная технология должна не просто хорошо работать, она должна быть способна конкурировать на рынке.

 

2. Translate the sentences.

 

1. To keep the amount of data manageable, the team needed to figure out which elements were most relevant for training

2. To store a page, the data wave is projected onto a mock of transparent material, together with a second pattern of dark and bright pixels called the reference wave.

3. This technique requires a massive number of molecules to determine the result of the calculations, and it is difficult to do to begin with using larger molecules.

 

Subject vs. adverbial modifier

 

1. Translate the sentences paying special attention to the function of the Infinitive.

 

1. To reach for alternative sets of laws that still give rise to complex structures capable of sustaining life, one of the four known laws of nature must be eliminated.

2. To establish trust across organization boundaries is a qualitatively different problem from establishing it within organization.

3. To appreciate the significance of such an event, one needs to recognize that scientists have spent the past 40 years building a magnificent theoretical house of cards that could have toppled with the slightest whiff of inconsistent data.

4. To power tiny embedded systems, such as a BlackBerry Storm 2's touch screen or a car's airbag sensor, gadget makers often rely on piezoelectricity.

5. To take primarily inward-focused security technologies is not easy.

To come up with scientific questions isn’t difficult and doesn’t require training as a scientist.

6. One major hurdle for fuel cell makers is making them small enough to be able to work in laptops and other small personal electronics.

 

2. Make sentences.

 

a)

To know the Universe is not easy

To investigate the hypotheses a challenging task

To check the results a great advantage

To verify the structure our objective

To develop the new theory the aim of our research

 

b)

To solve this experiment are necessary our experiment

To conduct our equation is essential for this investigation

To verify the recent problem is not indispensible such research

To decide on data does not seem recommended paper

 

c)

To achieve this conclusion we do (or any other verb)….

To come to the result the scientists should….

To understand the phenomenon the researchers have to…

To write the paper computers could…

To calculate the task our group might…

 

Attribute

 

Read the sentence and the example translation.

 

Without the strong nuclear force to bind quarks into protons and neutrons and those into atomic nuclei, matter as we know it would not exist.

 

Без сильного ядерного взаимодействия, которое связывает кварки в протоны и нейтроны и объединяет их в ядра, материя не могла бы существовать в известном нам виде.

 

2. Translate the sentences.

 

1. The first computer of this type to be actually constructed and operated was the Manchester Mark I, designed and built at Manchester University in England.

2. To this day, the fusion of four protons to make helium 4 continues inside our sun, where it produces most of the energy that we receive from it.

3. All of the data, the names (locations) of the data, the operations to be performed on the data, must travel between memory and CPU a word at a time.

4. The sample to be analyzed is placed in a beam of X-rays and the diffraction pattern that is produced can be recorded on a photographic plate.

5. More than 40 years ago accelerator experiments revealed that the laws of physics are ever so slightly biased in favor of matter, and in a still to be understood series of particle interactions very early on, this slight bias led to the creation of the quark excess.

6. The previous century was the one to see immense changes and various inventions.

7. The neutralino is thought to have a mass between 100 and 1,000 times that of the proton, just within the reach of experiments to be conducted by the Large Hadron Collider at CERN near Geneva.

8. Although nuclear bombs were originally developed as strategic weapons to be carried by large bombers, from the 1950s nuclear weapons were produced for both strategic and tactical applications.

 

3. Read the sentence and the example translation.

 

The Greeks were the first people to use writing to record language as spoken by contemporary men.

 

Греки были первыми, кто использовал письмо, чтобы зафиксировать язык в том виде, в каком на нем говорили современные им люди.

 

4. Translate the sentences.

 

1. Newton was the first to describe the effects of gravity.

2. This in one of the first articles to focus attention on the perception of trust issues.

3. Schleiden was the first to recognize that all plants, and all the different parts of plants, are composed of cells.

4 The name applied to it comes from John von Neumann, who was the first to spell out the requirements for a general purpose electronic computer

5. ITER is the first fusion experiment designed specifically to explore the scientific issues associated with an ignited ( or near-ignited) plasma

6. In 1905, Einstein was the first to propose that energy quantization was a property of electromagnetic radiation itself.

7 The Cray-designed CDC 1604 was one of the first computers to replace vacuum tubes with transistors and was quite popular in scientific laboratories.

 

5. Use infinitives to define the nouns.

For example:

the text – the text to be read,

(note that in such phrases we use the definite article).

 

the work, the paper, the paragraph, the equation, the experiment, the data, the scientist, the exam.

 

6. Write three sentences with some phrases from 5.

 

Infinitive after the verb to be

 

1. Translate the sentences.

 

Note that after the verb to be the Infinitive is used to describe planed or predesigned situations.

 

1. These ideas were to have a profound impact on the subsequent development of such machines.

2. Whatever the immediate cause of the sensed-presence effect (эффект присутствия), the deeper cause is to be found in the brain.

3. If such theory is to live up to expectations, it should explain some basic facts about the physical world.

4. Human beings are to go back to the Moon within the next 15 years and this time they will stay, according to ambitious plans to establish a lunar base announced by NASA.

5 .If the world is to do something about climate change, some people will have to reduce their emissions of greenhouse gases .

6. But that era is about to end.

 

For-phrase with the infinitive.

 

1. Translate the sentences.

 

1. The universe was already cold enough for baryons to form but not hot enough for baryons to undergo nuclear fusion.

2. For complex organic molecules to form, elements with the chemistry of hydrogen and oxygen need to be present.

3. Space would expand too quickly for structures such as galaxies to have a chance to form or else that the universe would exist for a fraction of a second before recollapsing.

4. Whether those elements would be produced abundantly enough for life to evolve somewhere within them is an unanswered question.

5. The ball is simply too big for its exact location to go undetected for any perceivable amount of time.

6. For a robot army to be en effective fighting force, it would be best if individual robots could asses situations and make decisions without relying on human input.

7. This so-called big bang nucleosynthesis took place a few seconds into the life of our universe, when it was already cold enough for baryons to form but still hot enough for the baryons to undergo nuclear fusion.

8. It took yet another 30 years for physicist to finally look these issues squarely in face.

 

Writing a paper

 

1. Write an abstract to a paper on the subject of your research using infinitives in different functions and constructions.

(For writing an abstract see Appendix 2).

 

 

Part III

Vocabulary

 

Read the following.

 

In the 1970s evidence began to accumulate from observations of our galaxy’s rotation that there was perhaps 10 times as much invisible as visible material out there. Independent calculations of the abundance of light elements expected to be produced in the first minutes after the big bang implied that the universe simply lacked enough protons and neutrons to account for this dark matter if the predictions were to agree with observations.

Similarly independent computer calculations about the formation of galaxies as the universe expanded suggested that only some new kind of material, which did not interact as normal matter does, could collapse early enough to lead to the structures we see.

The past 50 years of particle physics has also driven us to realize that for what we see to make sense, a host of new elementary particles quite likely exists. If so, theorists have determined that the earliest moments of the fiery big bang could have produced these particles in precisely the abundance to account for dark matter, and their interactions with normal matter would have been weak enough to make them invisible to telescopes today.

Egged on by the suggestion that such new dark matter particles in our galactic halo might be directly detectable, a brave set of experimentalists began to devise techniques to observe them with detectors deep underground, far from the reach of most cosmic rays that would overwhelm such acute sensors.

But technologies at the forefront take time to build and develop, and nature rarely reveals its secrets willingly. The hypothesized particles might yet be detected if collisions can create them at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider. And if not, we will all just have to work harder to solve the mystery of dark matter. New challenges bring new inspiration, which isn’t such a bad thing, either.

 

2. Translate the sentences.

a)

1. By the late 1960s, the resolving power of these machines had increased enormously, allowing physicists to reveal another layer of matter's substructure: each proton and neutron, it was shown, is composed of three smaller particles, dubbed quarks

3. But they have revealed four more species of quarks (whimsically called charm, strange, top, and bottom) and have repeatedly confirmed the existence of a handful of other particles (known as neutrinos) and of two close cousins of the electron (called muons and taus).

4. Yet over the next few decades, experiments revealed that atoms, contrary to the ancient Greek conception, surely must be cuttable, since they were an agglomeration of smaller particles: a swarm of electrons orbiting a central nucleus containing protons and neutrons.

b)

Few of the promised technologies failed for lack of interest. Nor was it usually the case that they were based on erroneous principles, like the perpetual motion machines that vex patent offices

c)

1. The lifestyle which we enjoy today is a result of countless ideas and inventions which have taken many centuries man's history to develop.

2. It would take classical computers years to do the same.

3. Once farming was established, it did not take man long to make special tools for breaking up the ground, and later he began to use the help of domestic animals in pulling his primitive plough.

4. The company’s first offering is an advanced error-correction technology for flash memory that performs with a few probability gate circuit transistors what it takes hundreds of binary digital transistors to accomplish.

5. The process took only a few minutes and was successfully duplicated in additional tests.

6. A 7 qubit system is still the highest number achieved, and it will take several hundred qubits before quantum computers overtake the ability of current classic computers.

These arguments suggest that during inflation the cosmological constant and other parameters could have taken a virtually limitless range of different values.

 

 

LESSON 11

 

Ving forms

 

Part one

Grammar

I

General

1. Read the following.

Human beings are to goback to the Moon within the next 15 years and this time they will stay, according to ambitious plans to establish a lunar base announced by Nasa.

The goal is to establish a full-time human presence by 2024, with astronautsspendingsix-month tours at the lunar base. The station will operate chiefly as a science laboratory preparingfor manned missions to Mars, developing and testing survival technology and serving as a staging post for flights to the Red Planet. Nasa has decided now that this should involve a permanent base after canvassing the opinions of more than 1,000 scientists from 14 countries, including Britain, and is open to the idea of making the outpost an international project.

Nasa officials said that the scheme would have to be accomplished within the agency's existingbudget, though they would not be drawn on how much it would cost.

2. Answer the question.

What functions do the parts in bold perform in the sentences?

II

Functions

 

Subject

 

1. Translate the sentences.

1. Takinga single page and turningit into a three-dimensional pattern isn't much use in itself.

2. Remaining in this barrier is the problem of decoherence; much work on error-correcting techniques still needs to be done to compensate for results of the difficulties of working on such a small scale.

3. Programming computers to equal human abilities will require fresh insights into human psychology.

4. Changingpatterns of rainfall will lead to local shortages of food and safe drinking water.

5. Workingout of how bad such an event would be is an urgent but very difficult ethical problem.

6. Makingthese applications faster and more accurate has generally meant throwing more number-crunching capacity at them.

7. Putting causalty back into quantum-generational models is the only known cure for the instabilities of superposed spacetime geometries.

8. Usingwrapper software to protect legacy code is a proven technology in the security community.

9. Turning CO2 into fuels is exactly what photosynthetic organisms have been doing for billions of years.

Adverbial modifier

1. Translate the sentences.

 

1.Pursuing such technology, you take electricity and combine CO2 with hydrogene to make gasoline.

2.The company would like to improve the processmimicking the process of photosynthesis.

4.Using nothing but sunlight and CO2, genetically engineered plant life produces fuel – common gasoline.

5. Looking into the hologram, someone “sees” the object even though it may no longer be present.

6. The atomic force microscope is a powerful tool in physics, able to image individual atoms by relying on a tiny probe dragged across a surface.

7.In characterizing the difficulties presented by these four properties, their inconsistencies with higher level languages are emphasized.

8. By clever design Cray cut the distances signals had to travel, therebyspeeding up the machines.

9. These spacecraft however, were only able to spend a few weeks collecting detailed data on Saturn and its 34 known moons – not enough to fully understand the forces at work in those intriguing rings.

10. By elevatingthe electrode above the rest of the assembly, the level of access can be increased, although that comes at the cost of weakening the strength of the trap.

 



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