The Perfect Continuous Form

Министерство образования РФ

Ставропольский государственный университет

 

ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ГРАММАТИКА

АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА

(МОРФОЛОГИЯ)

Ставрополь 2000

ОТ АВТОРОВ – СОСТАВИТЕЛЕЙ

 

 

Настоящее учебное пособие составлено старшими преподавателями кафедры английского языка ФРГЯ СГУ Алюниной О.Г. (1 – 12 главы) и Нос И.И. (13, 14 главы).

Пособие подготовлено на основе программы курса «Нормативная грамматика английского языка», разработанной кафедрой английского языка СГУ и предназначено для студентов 1-2 курсов специальностей «Лингвистика и межкультурная коммуникация» и «Информатика, лингвистика и межкультурная коммуникация».

В пособии представлены грамматические нормы английского языка, которые подлежат усвоению студентами. Грамматические явления в пособии описаны по следующему алгоритму:

1. Определение.

2. Морфологические признаки.

3. Синтаксические характеристики.

4. Семантические особенности.

5. Прагматический аспект употребления.

Задачей пособия является не только описание нормативной базы современного английского языка, но и представление его как средства исключения типичных ошибок, препятствующих осуществлению эффективной межкультурной коммуникации.

При подборе иллюстративного материала авторы пособия старались отобрать примеры, содержащие наиболее употребительную лексику в рамках функционирующих грамматических конструкций. Все примеры аутентичны, заимствованы из произведений как классической, так и современной англо-американской прозы.

Практической и теоретической основой данного пособия является учебник “A Grammar of the English Language”, В.П. Каушанская и др.

 

CONTENTS

 

Introduction. Grammatical structure of the English language

 

ACCIDENCE

General classification of the parts of speech

Chapter I. THE NOUN

§ 1. Definition

§ 2. Morphological characteristics

§ 3. Syntactical characteristics

§ 4. Morphological composition

§ 5. Classification

§ 6. The category of number

§ 7. The category of case

Chapter II. THE ARTICLE

§ 1. General notion

§ 2. Functions of the Article

Use of articles with common nouns

§ 1—4. Class nouns

§ 5—7. Nouns of material

§ 8—11. Abstract nouns

Use of articles with proper nouns

§ 12. Names of persons

§ 13. Geographical names

§ 14. Names of hotels, ships, newspapers and magazines

§ 15. Names of cardinal points

§ 16. Names of months and days

§ 17. Nouns modified by proper nouns.

Use of articles with nouns in some set expressions

§ 18. The use of the indefinite article with nouns in set ex­pressions

§ 19. The use of the definite article with nouns in set expressions

§ 20. Nouns in set expressions used without an article

Use of articles in some syntactic relations

§ 21. The use of articles with predicative nouns

§ 22. The use of articles with nouns in apposition

§ 23. The use of articles with nouns used in address

§ 24. Place of the article

§ 25. Ways of expressing the meaning of the English articles in Russian

Special difficulties in the use of articles

§ 26. The use of articles with the nouns day, night, morning, evening

§ 27. The use of articles with names of seasons

§ 28. The use of articles with nouns school, college, prison, jail, bed

§ 29. The use of article with the noun town

§ 30. The use of articles with the name of meals

§ 31. The use of articles with names of languages

Use of articles with nouns modified by certain adjectives, pronouns and numerals

§ 32. Most

§ 33. Few, a few, the few, little, a little, the little

§ 34. Two, the two, three, the three etc

§ 35. The second, a second

§ 36. Another, the other

§ 37. Last, the last

§ 38. Next, the next

§ 39. A number, the number

Omission of the Article

 

Chapter III. THE ADJECTIVE

§ 1. Definition

§ 2. Morphological characteristics

§ 3. Spelling rules

§ 4. Syntactic characteristics

§ 5. Morphological composition

§ 6. Classification

§ 7. Grammatical characteristics of qualitative adjective

§ 8. Grammatical characteristics of relative adjective

§ 9. Substantivized adjectives

 

Chapter IV. THE PRONOUN

§ 1. Definition

§ 2. Classification

§ 3. Personal Pronouns

§ 4. Possessive Pronouns

§ 5. Reflexive Pronouns

§ 6. Reciprocal Pronouns

§ 7. Demonstrative Pronouns

§ 8. Interrogative Pronouns

§ 9. Relative Pronouns

§ 10. Conjunctive Pronouns

§ 11. Defining Pronouns

§ 12. Indefinite Pronouns

§ 13. Negative Pronouns

 

Chapter V. THE NUMERAL

§ 1. Definition

§ 2. Cardinal numerals

§ 3. The functions of the cardinal numerals in the sentence

§ 4. Ordinal numerals

§ 5. The function of ordinal numerals in the sentence

 

Chapter VI

THE WORDS OF THE CATEGORY OF STATE

 

§ 1. Definition

§ 2 - 4. Morphological composition and use

 

Chapter VII. THE ADVERB

§ 1. Definition

§ 2. Morphological composition

§ 3. Degrees of comparison

§ 4. Classification

 

Chapter VIII. THE MODAL WORDS

§ 1. Definition

§ 2. Classification

§ 3. Use

§ 4. Modal words and adverbs

 

Chapter IX. THE INTERJECTION

§ 1. Definition

§ 2. Classification

§ 3. Morphological composition

 

Chapter X. THE PREPOSITION

§ 1. Definition

§ 2. Morphological structure

§ 3. Classification

§ 4. Prepositions, adverbs and conjunctions

§ 5. Prepositions and postpositions

 

Chapter XI. THE CONJUNCTION

§ 1. Definition

§ 2. Morphological structure

§ 3. Classification

§ 4. Coordinating conjunctions

§ 5. Subordinating conjunctions

 

Chapter XII. THE PARTICLE

§ 1. Definition

§ 2. Classification

 

Chapter XIII. THE VERB

§ 1. Definition

§ 2. Morphological structure

§ 3. Basic forms

§ 4. Syntactic function

§ 5. Transitive and intransitive verbs

§ 6. Lexical character

§ 7 – 10. Grammatical categories

TENSES IN THE ACTIVE VOICE

The Indefinite Form

§ 1. The use of the Present Indefinite

§ 2. The use of the Past Indefinite

§ 3. The use of the Future Indefinite

The Continuous Form

§ 4. The use of the Present Continuous

§ 5. The use of the Past Continuous

§ 6. The use of the Future Continuous

The Perfect Form

§ 7. The use of the Present Perfect

§ 8. The Past Indefinite and Present Perfect

§ 9. The use of the Past Perfect

§ 10. Past Indefinite and Past Perfect

§ 11. The Future Perfect

The Perfect Continuous Form

§ 12. The Present Perfect Continuous

§ 13. Present Perfect Continuous Inclusive and the Present Continuous

§ 14. The Present Perfect and the Present Perfect Continuous Exclusive