Speak on the forms of expressing unreal actions in simple sentences

The subjunctive mood in simple sentences

Besides cases when the subjunctive mood forms are used in simple sentences to express an unreal action as a consequence of an implied condition, these forms are also used in simple sentences of the following kind:

1. In exclamatory sentences beginning with if only to express a wish which can not be fulfilled. They follow the same pattern as conditional clauses, and would + infinitive, past subjunctive, non-factual tense forms are used.

If only it were true!-reference to the present

If only I knew what to do!

If only I had listened to my parents!

If only it would stop raining!

If only we could have stopped him!

2. In exclamatory sentences to express an emotional attitude of the speaker to real facts (surprise and disbelief). Here should + infinitive is used.

And this should happen just on this day!

That it should be you of all people!

3. In questions expressing astonishment удивление or indignation негодование the analytical form should + infinitive is used:

Why should you and I talk about it?

How should I know?

Why should you suspect me?

Why should you not do it?

45.

There are three grades of comparison:positive, comparative, and superlative. The superlative is generally used with the definite article. Ways of formation may be synthetic, analytic, and suppletive (irregular). The synthetic way is by adding the inflection-er, -est, as fine -finer - finest. This means is found with monosyllabic and some disyllabic adjectives in which the stress falls on the last syllable:

1) full - fuller - fullest

2) in which the second syllable is the syllabic [1]:

3) with adjectives in-er, -y, -some, -ow:,

Synthetic inflection, however, is often found in other disyllabic adjectives:

You are the horridest man I have ever seen.

Polysyllabic adjectives form their degrees of comparison analytic­ally, by means ofmore andmost:

difficult - more difficult - most difficult

curious - more curious - most curious

Several adjectives form their degrees of comparison by means of (suppletive forms) irregularly:

Adjectival compounds can be inflected in two ways, either the first element is inflected (if it is an adjective or adverb), or comparison is with more andmost, for example:

The following adjectives generally do not form degrees of comparison:

1. Limiting qualitative adjectives which single out or determine the type of things or persons, such as: previous, middle, left, childless, medical,dead, etc.

2. Relative adjectives (which are also limiting in their meaning) such as:

woollen, wooden, flaxen, earthen, ashen.

3. Adjectives with comparative and superlativemeaning (the so-called gradables) which are of Latin origin: former, inner, upper, junior, senior, prior, superior, etc. (originally with comparative meaning), and minimal, optimal, proximal, etc. (originally with superlative meaning).

With most of them the comparative meaning has been lost and they are used as positive forms (the inner wall, the upper lip, superior quality, minimal losses).

However, some comparatives borrowed from Latin (major, minor, exterior, interior, junior, senior) may form their own comparatives with a change of meaning.

4. Adjectives alreadydenoting some gradation of quality, suchasdarkish, greenish, etc.

The only pattern of morphological change for adverbs is the same as for adjectives, the degrees of comparison. The three grades are calledpositive, comparative, andsuperlative degrees.

Adverbs that are identical in form with adjectives take inflections following the same spelling and phonetic rules as for adjectives:

Several adverbs ending in-ly (quickly, loudly) form comparatives according to the same pattern, dropping their adverb-forming suffix. These adverbs acquired the form in-ly only recently and retained the older forms of the comparative and superlative:

However most disyllabic adverbs in-ly and all polysyllabic ones form the comparative and superlative analytically, by means ofmore andmost:

The adverb often occurs with both types of comparison:

As with adjectives, there is a small group of adverbs with comparatives and superlatives formed from different stems(suppletive forms). These comparatives and superlatives are identical with those for the corresponding adjectives and can be differentiated from the latter only syntactically.

Which do you likebest?

This isleast painful for you.

Either farther (farthest) or further (furthest) are used when speaking of places, directions, or distance:

He is too tired to walk any farther (further).

But only further (furthest) is used with the meaning more, later:

Don’t try my patience any further.

Most of the adverbs, however, stand outside the degrees of comparison:

pronominal adverbs denoting place and time (here, somewhere, there, sometimes, when),

denoting manner (somehow, thus), and adverbs of manner denoting gradation

(minimally, optimally, proximally - ближе к центру).