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and both ¨îð÷and ¨÷î òâðÚð÷ may be omitted when the Infinitive is followed by the Verb ¡ð `come` and ¸ðð `go`
¡ðÐðð, ÑðóÐðð etc. in such sentences may be regarded as the objects of µððè See :- µððèÐðð `to want` retains its meaning.. (ii) An Infinitive attaches ¨îð÷ when followed by the Verbs èð÷ and Æðð and denotes ``about to....``.
238. The Infinitive is used as an Adjective only in combination with a few Verbs denoting obligation, necessity, requirement, compulsion etc. èð÷, Æðð, ÑðÀÿð and µððòè¦ are the Verbs most frequently used in this sense. The subject in such cases has ¨îð÷ (or ¦ in Pronouns 97-a), and the Infinitive has Ððð, Ððó or Ðð÷, according as the object is Masc. sg. or Masc. Pl.:
Note: (1) It is not uncommon to say ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ü âððÐðð èø, ×ððÃð÷ ¨îÜÐðð µððòè¦ etc. for ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ü âððÐðó èøü, ×ððÃð÷ü ¨îÜÐðó µððòè¦ etc. The latter forms are preferable. See :- However, when an Infinitive is Transitive, it is used as an Adjective to its object and changes its ending -Ððð to-Ððó or - ne according as the object is Feminine (sg. or pl.) or Masculine pl. The subsidiaries also agree with the object in Number and Gender : âðÀÿ¨÷î ¨îð÷ Çãðð ÑðóÐðó ÑðÀÿ÷±ðó `the boy will have to take medicine`, Note: It is not correct to say ×ðµµð÷ ¨îð÷ Çãðð ÑðóÐðó ÑðÀÿó or Ùðô»ð÷ ÃðóÐð Ñðëð òâð®ðÐðð Æðð as is sometimes done on the analogy of Intransitive Infinitives (¸ððÐðð ÑðÀÿ÷±ðð, ¸ððÐðð Æðð etc. which are Nouns. (c)µððòè¦ `is wanted` or `ought to be.....` is a true passive It can be combined with a Noun in the first sense (`is wanted`) and with an Infinitive (noun, if Intransitive and Adjective, if ÜðÙð ¨îð÷ ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ü µððòè¦ `Ram wants books` (literally, books are wanted by (for) Ram)», ÃðôÙè÷ü ©Úðð µððòè¦ `what do you want ? (What is wanted by you ?), Note: (i) ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ ÑðÁÿÐðð µððòè¦ is as incorrect as Çãðð ÑðóÐðð ÑðÀÿð. However, µððòè¦ does not modify (asÑðÁÿÐðð and èð÷Ððð do). µððòè¦û as a plural of µððòè¦ (¡ðÑð¨îð÷ ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ü ÑðÁÿÐðó µððòè¦û) is occasionally met with, but had better be doscarded An Infinitive having ¨îð and combined with Ððèóü denotes ``not willing to.....``, ``not ready to.....``. The Finite Verb (èø) in such cases is omitted:
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CHAPTER XXXI | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Participles are verbal adjectives qualifying noun (or pronoun) but retaining some properties of verbs. Hindi has two kinds of Participles, Present and Past. (a) Formation of Present and Past Participles has already been explained in 185 and 195:
etc. are Present Participles.
etc. are Past Participles. Both the Participles are affected by the Gender, the Number, and the Case of the Nouns or Pronouns which they qualify. µðâðÃðð, µðâðð are Masc. sg., µðâðÃð, µðâð÷; Masc. pl., µðâðÃðó and µðâðó Fem. sg. or pl. The oblique forms for Masc. sg. and pl. is also µðâðÃð, µðâð÷; Fem. forms remain unchanged in the oblique. (a) The Present Participle can be used like an ordinary Adjective:
Occasionally, however, (for the ske of clarity) a èô¡ð, èôýá or èô¦ Òõîâðð÷ü ¨îð÷ ÙðÃð Ãðð÷Àÿð÷ etc.
When a Present Participle is used as part of the Predicate, it has an adverbial sense, and consequently the oblique form:
With èó, a Present Participle (oblique) denotes ``immediately after``, ``as soon as``: A Present Participle, like other Adjectives, can be used also as a Noun, in which case it is declined like an -¡ð Noun (90) :
(a) A Past Participle can be used as an ordinary Adjective with or without èô¡ð, èôýá, èô¦:
(b) It can be used, like a Present Participle, as a Noun:
The adverbial use of a Past Participle is similar to that of a Present Participle.
±ð¦ ò×ðÐðð or (ò×ðÐðð ±ð¦), ÑðÁÿ÷ ò×ðÐðð or (ò×ðÐðð ÑðÁÿ÷) etc. denote `without going (having gone)», `without reading (having read)», when ò×ðÐðð is a Preposition (or Post-Position). See:- The Post-positions ÙððÜ÷, ò×ðÐðð and òçðãðð (Úð) are sometimes used, for the sake of emphasis, before the Noun which they govern:-
The Verb ¨îÜ itself forms its Absolutive by appending ¨÷î: ¨îܨ÷î `having done`. Note: (i) The Absolutive forms should always be written as two separate words: ¸ðð ¨îÜ, ®ðð ¨îÜ, ÑðÁÿ ¨îÜ, etc., not as ¸ðð¨îÜ, ®ðð¨îÜ, ÑðÁÿ¨îÜ etc. But ¨îܨ÷î may be writtern as one word. ¸ðð ¨îܨ÷î, ®ðð ¨îܨ÷î are archaic and should be discarded, ¸ðð¨÷î, ®ðð¨÷î are similarly to be avoided, ¡ðÐð ¨îÜ for ¡ð ¨îÜ is dialectic and should similarly be avoided. Pairs of allied Verbs can form a `Compound Absolutive:
244. (a) The Absolutive is generally adverbial in nature. As its name suggests, it is not affected by the gender, number or case of the subject or of the object. It has various significations :
(b) The following special uses may be noted:
For Passive and Impersonal forms, (a) Amongst Participles may be included the ãððâðð forms. These also are made by appending ãððâðð to the Oblique Infinitive forms, and are adjectival in nature, denoting ``one who does``:
When used predicative words, they may imply futurity:
These, of course, are not Participles, but simple Adjectives. Being Adjectives, they are affected by Number and Gender of the Noun whcih they qualify (-ãððâðð, - ãððâðó, - ãððâð÷), or can be used as Nouns themselves (-ãððâðð÷ü ¨îð÷ etc.). -ãððâð, a variant of - ãððâðð is attached to place-names for forming certain surnames, etc. :
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CHAPTER XXXII | |||||||||||||||||||||||
(a) As stated earlier (166), most of the Hindi Verbs may, by slightly modifying their forms, signify Causation of the action etc. denoted by them.:
Since ``causing something tobe done`` is an action which must be directed towards somebody, all Causative Verbs are invariably Transitive. The Causatives are made by adding an - ¡ð either to the bare root or to its modified form (249_. 247. (a) Many Verbs have an additional Causal form, usually called ``the Second Causal`` which is made by adding - ãðð to the bare root or to its modified form.
(b) It must, however, be remembered that the second causal form is restricted to such verbs whose first causals denote real activity on the part of their `doer`, not merely `getting something done.` Thus, the first causal of ÑðÁÿÐðð `to study, to learn` is ÑðÁÿðÐðð `to teach` which is a real activity on the part of the teacher, not merely `making (the student) learn` (which can be done by anybody who is able to persuade or frighten the students to learn!). This verb, therefore may form a second causal, ÑðÁÿãððÐðð which would mean `to get a student taught (by a teacher)». Similarly, the first causal of ò±ðÜÐðð `to fall` is ò±ðÜðÐðð `to fell`, which denotes an activity on the part of the person (a labourer etc.) who fells (a tree etc.), and not merely ``directing or presuading (a tree etc.) ``to fall``. This, accordingly, can have a second causal ò±ðÜãððÐðð which would mean ``to get (a tree etc.) felled (by a labourer etc.)»« . On the other hand, in the case of a root like ¨îÜÐðð `to do`, the first causal `¨îÜðÐðð` to get done` does not denote an activity on the part of the subject, but merely an order or a direction to somebody (a servant etc.) to do something. This verb, therefore, cannot have a second causal. Its second causal form ¨îÜãððÐðð is (unfortunately) in existence, but is identical in meaning with the first causal ¨îÜðÐðð. Many such ``false`` second causals are in common use. They have, in fact, been formed on the analogy of ``true`` second causals (like ÑðÁÿãððÐðð, ò±ðÜãððÐðð etc.), and should be treated as mere alternative forms (which had better be discarded) of the first causals. Under 249, all the ``false`` causals have been given in brackets.
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