Объединение точек зрения

По мере того как продвинулось организационное исследование на протяжении 1990-х годов, была широко принята идея необходимости использовать эти теории вместе, а не в качестве конкурирующих объяснений. Показательно в данном случае исследование Fligstein (1985), а также работы Pfeffer и Davis-Blake (1987), Singh, Tucker и House(1986), Mezias (1990) и Palmer, Jennings и Zhou (1993). Эти исследователи не противопоставляли теории друг другу. Более того, они старались объединить самое большое количество вариантов, какое только возможно. Не существует какого-либо одного доминирующего набора комбинаций.

Fligstein и Mara-Drita (1996) изучили рациональные факторы и факторы окружающей среды при возникновении отдельного рынка в Европейском Союзе. Goodstein (1994) соединил институциональный и рационально-вероятностный подходы при исследовании степени вовлеченности организаций в проблемы рабочей семьи. Сходное объединение точек зрения обнаруживается в анализе Правительственной учетной службы США (U.S. Government Accounting Office) (Gupta, Dirsmith и Fogarty, 1994). Теория зависимости от ресурсов и институциональная теория были использованы в анализе процентного соотношения женщин, занимающихся менеджментом (Blum, Fields и Goodman, 7994).Таковы примеры постоянно растущей тенденции.

 

Выводы и заключение

Исходя из соображений здравого смысла, организации должны добывать ресурсы, одновременно стараясь достичь своих целей и не уступать перед лицом конкуренции. Среди организационных теоретиков получает распространение мнение, что пришло время прекратить быть "воинами принципа" (Aidrich, 1988) и вместо этого поискать более полное объяснение через объединение точек зрения. Когда это будет сделано, теоретический рост станет очевидным. Мы, возможно, даже сможем подобраться к неуловимой цели определения того, какое теоретическое объяснение работает в каких условиях, и тем самым получим действительно значительное толкование организаций. Эта книга была попыткой еще одного шага в этом направлении.

 

Указатель фирм

 

American Airlines

Apple Computers

Aston

Burger King

Carborundum Company

Chase Bank

First Boston Corporation

Ford Motor Company

General Electric

General Motors

General Reinsurance

Corporation

Goodrich and Salanick

Gulf Oil

IBM

Industrial Monopoly

Jones and Laughlin Steel

Kmart

Koppers Company

Mary Kay Cosmetics

Mayo Clinic

Mellon National Bank

Microsoft

National Labor Relations

Board

Paramount Communications

Prentice Hall Inc

Procters Gamble

Roebuck

Sears

Simon SSchuster

Tennessee Valey Authority

The Gap Toys R Us

Trust Company 37 Tupperware

U.S. Postal Service 303 Viacom Inc

Wal-Mart

Warren Bennis and Richard

Cyert

 

Литература

 

Abbott, Andrew (1989). "The New Occupational Structure: What Are the Questions?" Work and Occupations, 16.273-91.- (1992). "An Old Institutionalist Reads the New Instiluiionalism." Contemporary Sociology, 21.754-56.

Acker, Joan(1992). "The Future of Women and Work: Ending the Twentieth Century." Socfo-logicalPerspectives. 35,139-58.

Adier, Paul S., and BryanBorys (1996). "Two Faces of Bureaucracy: Enabling and Coercive." Administrative Science Quarterly, 41.61-89.

Aiken, Michael, Robert Dewar. Nancy Ditomaso, Jerald Mage. and Gerald Zeitz (1975). Coordinating Human Services. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Aiken, Michael, and Jerald Mage (1966). "Organizational Alienation: A Comparative Analysis." American Sociological Review, 31.497-507.- (1968). "Organizational Interdependence and Inlcrorganizational Structure." American Sociological Review. 33.912-30. Alba. Richard D. (1982). "Taking Stock of NetworkAnalysis: A Decade's Results." in Research in the Sociology of Organizations: A Research Annual ed. Samuel B. Bacharach. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. Aldrich, Howard E. (1971). "Organizational Boundaries and Interorganizational Conflict." Human Relations. 24.279-87.- (1972a). "Technology and Organizational Structure: A Reexamination of the Findings of the Aston Group." Administrative Science Quarterly, 17,26-43.- (1972b). "Reply to Milton: Seduced and Abandoned." Administrative Science Quarterly, 17, 55-57.- (1974). "The Environment as a Network of Organizations: Theoretical and Methodological Implications." Paper presented at the International Sociological Association Meetings, Toronto.- (1979). Organizations and Environments. Englewood Cliffs. NJ: Prentice Hall.- (1988). "Paradigm Warriors: Donaldson versus the Critics of Organization Theory." Organization Studies 9.18-25.

Aldrich, Howard E., and Peter V. Marsden (1988). "Environments and Organizations," in Handbook of Sociology, ed. Neil J. Smelser, 361-92. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.

Aldrich, Howard E., and Jeffrey Pfeffer(1976). "Environments of Organizations." Annual Review of Sociology. Vol. 2. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews. Inc.

Aldrich, Howard E., and David Whetten (1981). "Organization-sets. Action-sets, and Networks: Making the Most of Simplicity," in Handbook ofOrganizational Design, Vol. 1,ed. PaulC. Nystrom and William H.Starbuck. New York: Oxford University Press.

Alexander, Ernest R. (1979). "The Design of Alternatives in Organizational Contexts." Administrative Science Quarterly. 24,382 404.

Alexander, Gordon J., and Roger A. Buchholz (1978). "Corporate Social Responsibility and Stock Market Performance." Academy of Management Journal, 21.479-86.

Alexander, Jeff rey A. (1991). "Adaptive Change in Corporate Control Practices."-Academy of Management Journal, 34,162-93.

Alien, Michael Patrick (1974). "The Structure of Intel organizational Elite Cooptation: Interlocking Corporate Directorates." American Sociological Review. 39,393 96.- (1976). "Management Control in the Large Corporation: Comment on Zeitlin." American Journal of Sociology, 81.885-94. Alien Michael Patrick, and Sharon K. Panian (1982). "Power. Performance, and Succession in the Large Corporation." Administrative Science Quarterly. 27.53S-47. Alien, Michael Patrick, Sharon K. Panian. and Roy E. Lotz (1979). "Managerial Succession and Organizational Performance: A Recalcitrant Problem Revisited." Administrative Science Quarterly, 24.167-80.Allison, Paul D., andJ. Scott Long (1990). "Departmental Effects on Scientific Productivity." American Sociological Review. 55,469-78.

Allmendingcr, Jutta, and J. Richard Hackman (1996). "Organizations in Changing Environments: The Case of East German Symphony Orchestras." Administrative Science Quarterly, 41.337-69.

Alter, Catherine (1990). "An Exploratory Study of Conflict and Coordination in Interor-ganizalional Service Delivery Systems." Academy of Management Journal. 33,478-502.

Alter, Catherine, andJerald Mage (1993). Organizations Working Together. Newbury Park. CA:Sage.

Altheide, David L, and John M.Johnson (1980). Bureaucratic Propaganda. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

Alutto, Joseph, and James A. Belasco(1972). "A Typology for Participation in Organizational Decision Making." Administrative Science Quarterly. 17,117-25.

Amburgey, Terry, Dawn Kelly. and William P. Barnett (1993). "Resetting the Clock: The Dynamics of Organizational Change and Failure." Administrative Science Quarterly, 38, 51-73.

Anderson, Paul A. (1983). "Decision Making by Objection and the Cuban Missile Crisis." Administrative Science Quarterly. 28.201-22.

Angle, Harold L., and James I- Perry (1981). "An Empirical Assessment of Organizational Commitment and Organizational Effectiveness." Administrative Science Quarterly. 26.1- 14.

Antonio, Robert J. (1979). "Domination and Production in Bureaucracy." American Sociological Review. 44,895-912.

Argotc, Linda (1982). "Input Uncertainty and Organizational Coordination in Hospital Emergency Units." Administrative Science Quarterly. 27,420-34.

Argranoff, R., and A. Pattahas (1979). Dimensions of Services Integration: Service Delivery, Program Linkages. Policy Management, Organisational Structure. Human Services Monograph Series 13, Project SHARE. DHEW Publication No. 02-76-130. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Argyris, Chris (1972). The Applicability of Organizational Sociology. London: Cambridge University Press.- (1973). "Personality and Organization Theory Revisited." Administrative Science Quarterly,-\e.W-67.

Aronowitz, Stanley (1973). False Promises. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Arum, Richard (1996). "Do Private Schools Force Public Schools to Compete?" American Sociological Review, 61,29-46.

Asher, Hanna. and Jonathan Z. Shapiro (1988). "Managing Centrality: A Note on Hackman's Resource Allocation Theory." Administrative Science Quarterly. 33,275-83.

Assael, Henry (1969). "Constructive Role of Inlerorganizational Conflict." Administrative Science Quarterly. 14,573-82.

Astley, W. Graham (1985). "The Two Ecologies: Population and Community Perspectives on Organizational Evolution." Administrative Science Quarter/. 30,224-41.

Astley, W. Graham, and Edward J. Zajac (1990). "Beyond Dyadic Exchange: Functional Interdependence and Sub-unit Power." Organizational Studies. 11.481-501.

Athanassaides, John С. (1974). "On Investigation of Some Communication Patterns of Female Subordinates in Hierarchical Organizations." Human Relations. 27,195-209.

Attewell, Paul (1987). "The De-skilling Controversy." Work and Occupations. 14. 323-46.

At-Twarjri, Mohammad I., and John R. Montansani (1987). "The Impact of Context and Choice on the Boundary Spanning Process: An Empirical Extension." Human Relations, 40.783-98.

Azumi, Koya. and Charles J. McMillan (1974). "Subjective and Objective Measures of Organizational Structure." New York: American Sociological Association.

Bacharach, Peter, and Morion S.Baratz (1962). "The Two Faces of Power." American Political Science Review. 56,947-52.

Bacharach, Samuel В., and Edward J. Lawler (1980). Power and Politics in Organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Bacharach, Samuel В., Peter Bamberger, and Walter Sonnenstuhl (1996). "The Organizational Transformation Process: The Micropolitics of Dissonance Reduction and the Alignment of Logics of Action." Administrative Science Quarterly, 41,477-506. Baker, Wayne R. (1990). "Market Networks and Corporate Behavior." American Journal of Sociology, 96. no. 3,589-625. Baldridge, J.Victor, and Robert A. Burnham (1975). "Organizational Innovation: Individual. Organizational, and Environmental Impacts." Administrative Science Quarterly, 20.165-76. Bales, Robert F. (1953). "The Equilibrium Problem in Small Groups." in Working Paper in Theory of Action, ed. Talcott Parsons. Robert F. Bales, and Edward Shils. New York: Free Press. Bales, Robert F., and Philip E. Slater (1955). "Role Differentiation in Small Decision Making Groups," in Family Socialisation and Interaction Processes, ed. Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales. New York: Free Press. Barley. Stephen R. (1990). "The Alignment of Technology and Structure through Roles and Networks." Administrative Science Quarterly. 35,61-103. Barnard, Chester 1. (1938). The Function of the Executive. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Barnett, William P., and Glenn R. Carroll (1995). "Modeling Internal Organizational Change," in Annual Review ofSociology, ed. John Hagan and Karen S. Cook. PaloAlto, CA: Annual Reviews, Inc. Baron, James N. (1984). "Organizational Perspectives on Stratification," in Annual Review of Sociology, ed. Ralph Turner. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews. Inc. Baron, James N., and William T. Bielby(1980). "Bringing the Firms Back In: Stratification. Segmentation and the Organization of Work." American Sociological Review. 45.737-65. Baron, James N., P. DevereauxJennings, and Frank R.Dobbin (1988). "Mission Control? The Development of Personnel Systems in U.S. Industry." American Sociological Review, 53, 497-514. - (1984). "The Organization of Work in a Segmented Economy." American Sociological Review, 49.454-73.

Barton, Alien H. (1961). Organizational Measurement. Princeton, NJ: College Entrance Examination Board.

Bass, Bernard M. (1985). Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectations. New York: Free Press.

Bass, Bernard M., and B.J.Avolio (1990). "The Implications of Transactional and Transformational Leadership for Individual. Team, and Organizational Development." Research in Organizational Change and Development. 4,231 -72.- (1993). "Transformational Leadership: A Response to Critiques," in Leadership Theory and Research: Perspectives and Directions, ed.M.M.Chemers and R.Ayman. New York: Academic Press. Baty, Gordon, William Evan, and Terry Rothennel (1971). "Personnel Rows as Interorganizational Relations." Administrative Science Quarterly. 16,430-43. Baum, Joel A. C. (1966). "Organizational Ecology," in Handbook of Organization Studies, ed. Stewart R. Clegg. Cynthia Hardy, and Walter R. Nord. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Baum, Joel A. C., and Christine Oliver (1991). "Institutional Linkages and Organizational Mortality. "Administrative Science Quarterly, 36,187-218.- (1992). "Institutional Embeddedness and the Dynamics of Organizational Populations." American Sociological Review, 57.540-59. Baum, Joel A. C., and Walter W. Powell (1995). "Cultivating an Institutional Ecology of Organizations: Comments on Hannan, Carroll, Dundon and Torres." American Sociological Review. 60,529-38. Baum, Joel A. C., and Jitendra V. Singh (1994). "Organizational Niches and the Dynamics of Organizational Mortality." American Journal of Sociology. 100,346-30.- (1996). "Dynamics of Organizational Responses to Competition." Social Forces, 74, 1261-97.Baureus, MelissaS.,andJanetP. Near (1991). "Can Illegal Corporate Behavior Be Predicted: An Event History Analysis." Academy of Management Journal. 34,9-36. Bavelas, Alex (1950). "Communication Patterns in Task Oriented Groups." Journalof the Acoustic Society of America, 22.725-30. Becker.SelwynW., and Duncan Neuhauser (1975). The Efficient Organization. New York: Elsevier. Benson, J. Kenneth (1975). "The Interlocking Network as a Political Economy." Administrative Science Quarterly. 20,2299.- (1977). "Innovation and Crisis in Organizational Analysis." Sociological Quarterly, 18,3-16.

Benson, J. Kenneth, Joseph T. Kunce, Charles A. Thompson, and David L. Alien (1973). Coordinating Human Services. Columbia: Regional Rehabilitation Institute, University of Missouri. Berger, Peter, and Thomas Luckman (1967). The Social Construction of Reality. Garden City, NY: Anchor, Berle, Adolph A., and Gardiner C. Means (1932). The Modem Corporation and Private Property. New York: Macmillan.

Bettman, James R., and Barton A. Weitz (1983). "Attributions in the Board Room: Causal Reasoning in Corporate Annual Reports." Administrative Science Quarterly, 28,165-83.

Beyer, Janice M. (1981). "Ideologies. Values, and Decision Making in Organizations." in Handbook of Organizational Design. Vol. 2. ed. Paul C. Nystrom and William H. Starbuck. 166-202. New York: Oxford University Press.

Beyer, Janice M., and HarrisonM. Trice (1979). "A Reexamination of the Relations between Size and Various Components of Organizational Complexity." Administrative Science Quarterly, no. 1 (March), 48-64.

Bidwell, Charles E., and John D. Kasarda (1985). The Organization and Its Ecosystem: A Theory of Structuring in Organizations. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Bierstedt, Robert (1950). "An Analysis of Social Power." American Sociological Review, 15. 730-38.

Biggart, Nicole Woolsey (1977). "The Creative-Destructive Process of Organizational Change: The Case of the Post Office." Administrative Science Quarterly, 22,410-26. - (1989). Charismatic Capitalism: Direct Selling Organizations in America, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Biggart, Nicole Woolsey, and Gary G. Hamilton (1984). "The Power of Obedience." Administrative Science Quarterly. 29,5409.

Bills, David (1987). "Costs, Commitment, and Rewards: Factors Influencing the Design and Implementation of Internal Labor Markets." Administrative Science Quarterly. 32.202-21.

Bimbaum, Phillip H., and Gilbert Y. Y. Wong (1985). "Organizational Structure of Multinational Banks from a Culture-Free Perspective." Administrative Science Quarterly. 30, 262-77.

Blake, Richard R., and Jane S. Mouton (1964). The Managerial Grid. Houston: Gulf Publishing Co.

Blau, Judith R. (1966). "Organizations as Overlapping Jurisdictions: Restoring Reason in Organizational Accounts." Administrative Science Quarterly. 41,172-79.

Blau, Judith R., and Richard D. Alba (1982). "Empowering Nets of Participation." Administrative Science Quarterly. 27,363-79.

Blau, Judith R., and William McKinley(1979). "Ideas. Complexity, and Innovation." Admi-nistrative Science Quarterly, 24,200-219.

Blau, Judith R., and Gordana Rabrenovic (1989). "Dominant Concerns and Interorganiza-tional Relations." San Francisco: Annual Meetings. American Sociological Association/ Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

Blau, Peter M. (1955). The Dynamics of Bureaucracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. - (1964). Exchange and Power in Social Life. New York: John Wiley. - (1968). "The Hierarchy of Authority in Organizations." American Journal of Sociology, 73. 453-67. - (1970). "Decentralization in Bureaucracies," in Power in Organizations, ed. MayerN.Zald. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press.- (1972). "Interdependence and Hierarchy in Organizations." Socia/ Science Research, 1,1-24. - (1973). The Organization of Academic Work. New York: John Wiley. - (1974). On the Nature of Organizations. New York: John Wiley.

Blau, Peter M., Wolf Heydebrand. and Robert E. Stauffer (1966). "The Structure of Small Bureaucracies." American Sociological Review, 31,179-91.

Blau, Peter M., and Richard A. Schoenherr (1971). The Structure of Organizations. New York:

Basic Books.

Blau, Peter M., and W. Richard Scott (1962). Formal Organizations. San Francisco: Chandler.

Blauner, Robert (1964). Alienation and Freedom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Blum, Terry C., David Fields, andJodi Goodman (1994). "Organizational-Level Determinants of Women in Management." Academy o1ManagementJournal. 37,241-68.

Boddewyn, John (1974). "External Affairs: A Corporate Function in Search of Conceptualization and Theory." Organization and Administrative Sciences. 5, 67-106.

Boeker, Warren (1989a). "The Development and Institutionalisation of Subunit Power in Organizations." Administrative Science Quarterly. 34,38810.- (1989b). "Strategic Change: The Effects of Founding and History." Academy of Management Journal, 32,489-515. - (1992). "Power and Managerial Dismissal: Scapegoating at the Top." Administrative Science Quarterly, 37,40021. - (1997a). "Strategic Change: The Influence of Managerial Characteristics and Organizational Growth." Academy of Management Journal, 40,152-70. - (1997b). "Executive Migration and Strategic Change: The Effect of Top Manager Movement on Product Market Entry." Administrative Science Quarterly, 42,213-36.

Boeker, Warren, and Jerry Goodstein (1991). "Organizational Performance and Adaptation: Effects ofEnvironment and Performance on Changes in Board Composition," Academy of Management Journal. 34,805-26.

Boisot, Max. and John Child (1988). "The Iron Law of Fiefs: Bureaucratic Failure and Problem of Governance in the Chinese Economic Reforms." Administrative Science Quarterly, 33.507-27.

Boje, David M., and David A. Whetten (1981). "Effects of Organizational Strategies and Contextual Constraints on Centrality and Attributions of Influence in Interorganizational Networks." Administrative Science Quarterly, 26,378-95.

Boulding, Kenneth E. (1964). "A Pure Theory of Conflict Applied to Organizations," in Power and Conflict in Organizations, ed. Robert L. Kahn and Elise Boulding. New York: Basic Books.

Bozeman, Barry (1987). All Organizations Are Public: Bridging Public and Private Organizational Theories. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Brass, Daniel J. (1984). "Being in the Right Place: A Structural Analysis of Individual Influence in an Organization." Administrative Science Quarterly. 29,518-39.

Brass, Daniel J., and Marlene E. Burkhardt (1993). "Potential Power and Power Use: An Investigation of Structure and Behavior." Academy of Management Journal, 36.441-70.

Braverman, Harry (1974). Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century. New York: Monthly Review Press.

Brewer, John (1971). "Flow of Communication, Expert Qualifications, and Organizational Authority Structure." American Sociological Review. 36,475-84.

Broskowski, Anthony (1980). "Literature Review on Interorganizational Relationships and Their Relevance to Health and Mental Health Coordination." Tampa, FL: Northside Community Mental Health Center (final report). NIMH Contract #278-00300P.

Brown, John L., and Rodney Schneck (1979). "A Structural Comparison between Canadian and American Industrial Organizations." Administrative Science Quarterly, 24,24-47.

Brown, M. Craig (1982). "Administrative Succession and Organizational Performance: The Succession Effect." Administrative Science Quarterly, 27.1 -16.

Brown, Richard Harvey (1978). "Bureaucracy as Praxis: Toward a Political Phenomenology of Formal Organizations." Administrative Science Quarterly. 23,365-82.Browning, LarryD.,JaniceM. Beyer, and Judy С. Shelter (1995). "Building Cooperation in a Competitive Industry: SEMATECH and the Semiconductor Industry." Academy of Management Journal. 38,113-51.

Brunsson, Nils (1989). The Organization of Hypocrisy: Talk, Decisions, and Actions in Organizations. New York: John Wilcy.

Bryman, Alan (1996). "Leadership in Organizations." in Handbook of Organization Studies, ed. Stewart R. Clegg, Cynthia Hardy, and Walter R. Nord. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Bucher, Rue (1970). "Social Process and Power in a Medical School," in Power in Organizations, ed. MayerN.Zaid. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press.

Budros, Art (1992). "The Making of an Industry: Organizational Births in New York's Lite Insurance Industry." Social Forces. 70,1013-33. - (1993). "An Analysis of Organizational Birth Types: Organizational Start-up and Entry in the Nineteenth-Century Life Insurance Industry." Social Forces, 72,199-221. - (forthcoming). "Organizational Types and Organizational Innovation: Downsizing among Institutionalized Market, Market, and Institutionalized Firms." Sociological Forum. Bugra, Ayse, and Behlul Usdiken (1997). "Introduction: State, Market and Organizational Form," inS/ate, Market and Organizational Form, ed. Ayse Bugra and Behlul Usdiken. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.

Burke, John P. (1986). Bureaucratic Responsibility. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Burke, Ronald J. (1970). "Methods of Resolving Superior-Subordinate Conflict: The Constructive Use of Subordinate Differences and Disagreements." Organizational Behavior and Human Performance. 5,393-11. Burns, Tom (1967). "The Comparative Study of Organizations," in Methods of Organizational Research, ed. Victor H. Vroom. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. Burns, Tom, andG. M. Stalker (1961). The Management of Innovation. London: Tavistock Publications. Burrell, Gibson. and Gareth Morgan (1979). Sociological Paradigms and Organizational Analysis, London: Heinemann. Burt, RonaldS. (1977). "Power in a Social Typology. "Social Science Research, 6,1-83. - (1980). "Cooplive Corporate Action Networks: A Reconsideration of Interlocking Directorates Involving American Manufacturing." Administrative Science Quarterly. 25,557-82. - (1983). "Corporate Philanthropy as a Cooptive Process." Social Forces, 62,419-49. - (1988). "The Stability of American Markets." American Journal of Sociology, 94, no. 2 (September), 356-95.

Burt, Ronald S., Kenneth P. Christman, and Harold C. Kilburn. Jr. (1980). "Testing a Structural Theory of Corporate Cooptation: Interorganizational Directorate Ties as a Strategy for Avoiding Market Constraints on Projects." American Sociological Review, 45, 8211. Butler, Richard (1990). "Decision Making Research: Its Uses and Misues." Organizational Studies, 11,11-16. Cameron, Kim (1978). "Measuring Organizational Effectiveness in Institutions of Higher Education. "Administrative Science Quarterly, 23,604-32. - (1986). "Effectiveness as Paradox." Management Science. 32,539-53. Cameron, Kim, Myung U. Kirn, and David A. Whetten (1987). "Organizational Effects of Decline and Turbulence." Administrative Science Quarterly, 32.2220. Cameron. Kim, and David A. Whetten (1981). "Perceptions of Organizational Effectiveness over Organizational Life Cycles." Administrative Science Quarterly, 26,524 44. - (1983). Organizational Effectiveness: A Comparison of Multiple Models. New York: Academic Press.

Camic, Charles (1985). "The Matter of Habit." American Journal of Sociology. 91,481-510.

Campbell, Donald (1969). "Variation and Selective Retention in Socio-Cultural Evolution." GeneralSystems: Year bookotthe Society for General Systems Research, 16.69-85.

Campbell, John P. (1977). "On the Nature of Organizational Effectiveness," in New/Perspectives on Organizational Effectiveness, ed. Paul S. Goodman and Johannes M. Pennings. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Campbell, John P., et al. (1974). The Measurement o1 Organizational Effectiveness. Final Report, NavyPersonnel Research and Development Center Contract N 00022-73-C-0023, Minneapolis:Personnel Decisions. Caplow, Theodore (1964). Principles of Organization, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.- (1976). How to Run Any Organization. New York: Holt, Rinehart &Winston. - (1983). Managing Any Organization. NewYork: Holt, Rinehart &Winston. Cappelli, Peter, Laurie Bassi. Harry Katz, David Knoke, Paul Osterman, and Michael Useem (1997). Changeat Work. NewYork: Oxford University Press. Caragonne, P. (1978). "Service Integration: Where DoWeStand?" Paper prepared for the 39th National Conference on Public Administration, April, in Phoenix, Arizona. Carper, William В., and William E.Snizek (1980). "The Nature and Types of Organizational Taxonomics: An Overview." Academy of Management Review, 5,65-75. Carroll, Glenn R., (1984a). "Organizational Ecology." Annual Review of Sociology. Vol. 18. Palo Alto. CA: Annual Reviews, Inc. - (1984b). "Dynamics of Publisher Succession in Newspaper Organizations." Administrative Science Quarterly. 29.93-113. - (1985). "Concentration and Specialization: Dynamics of Niche Width in Populations of Organizations." mericanJouma/ofSoc(btog(/. 90.1262-83. - ed. (1988). Ecological Models of Organizations. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.

Carroll, Glenn R., and Jacques Delacroix (1982). "Organizational Mortality in the Newspaper Industries of Argentina and Ireland: An Ecological Approach." Administrative Science Quarterly, 27, •\69-9Q.

Carroll, Glenn R., and Michael T. Hannan (1989). "Density Dependence in the Evolution of Populations of Newspaper Organizations." American Sociological Review, 54.524-41.

Carroll, Glenn R., andYangchung Paul Huo (1986). "Organizational Task and Institutional Environments in Ecological Perspective: Findings from the Local Newspaper Industry." American Journal of Sociology. 91,838-73.

Carroll, Glenn, Peter Preisendoerfer, Anand Swaninathan, and Gabriele Wiedenmayer (1993). "Brewery and Branerei: The Organizational Ecology of Brewing." Organizational Studies. 14,155-88.

Carroll, Glenn R., and James Wade (1991), "Density Dependence in the Organizational Evolution of the American Brewing Industry across Different Levels of Analysis." Social Science Research. 20,271-302.

Carstensen, Fred V, and Richard Hume Working (1983). "The Process of Bureaucratization in the U.S. State Department and the Vesting of Economic Interests: Toward ClearerThin-king and Better History." Administrative Science Quarterly, 28,56-60.

Cartwright, Dorwin (1965). "Influence, Leadership, and Control." in Handbook of Organizations, ed. James G. March. 1-47. Chicago: Rand McNally.

Cartwright, Dorwin, and A. Zander (1968). "Motivational Processes in Groups: Introduction," in Group Dynamics. 3rd ed.,ed. D. Cartwright and A. Zander. New York: Harper and Row.

Champagne, Anthony, Marian Neef, and Stuart Nagel (1981). "Laws, Organizations, and the Judiciary," in Handbook of Organizational Design, Vol. 1, ed. Paul C. Nystrom and William H. Starbuck. NewYork: Oxford University Press.

Chandler, A. D., Jr. (1962). Strategy and Structure. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Chaves, Mark (1993). "Intraorganizational Power and Internal Secularization in Protestant Denominations."<4mericanJouma/ofSocfotosf(/, 99,1-48.

Chen, Ming-Jer. and Donald Hambrick(1995). "Speed, Stealth, and Selective Attack: How Small Firms Differ from Large Firms in Competitive Behavior." Academy of Management Journal, 38,453-82.

Child, John (1972). "Organizational Structure, Environment, and Performance: The Role of Strategic Choice." Sociology. 6.1-22. - (1973). "Strategies of Control and Organizational Behavior." Administrative Science Quarterly, 18.1-17. - (1976). "Participation, Organization, and Social Cohesion." Human Relations. 29,429-51.Child, John, and Alfred Kieser (1981). "Development of Organization over Time." Handbook of Organizational Design, ed. Paul C. Nystrom and William H. Starbuck, 169-98. Child, John, and Roger Mansfield (1972). "Technology, Size and Organizational Structure." Sociology. 6.369-93. Christenson, JamesA., James G. Hougland, Jr., Thomas W. llvento, andJon M. Shepard (1988). "The Organization Man" and the Community: The Impact of Organizational Norms and Personal Values on Community Participation and Transfers." Social Forces. 66,808-26. Clawson, Dan (1980). Bureaucracy and the Labor Process: The Transformation of U.S. Industry. 1860-1920. New York: Monthly Review Press. Clawson, Dan.andAlanNeustadt (1989). "Interlocks, PACs and Corporate Conservatism." American Journal of Sociology. 94,749-73.

Clegg, Stewart (1981). "Organization and Control." Administrative Science Quarterly. 26,545-62. Clegg, Stewart, and David Dunkerly (1980). Organization, Class, andControl. London: Routiedge and Kegan Paul.

Clinard, Marshall В., and Peter Yeager (1980). Corporate Crime. New York: Free Press. Cohen, Michael D., James G.March, and Johan P. Olsen (1972). "A Garbage Can Model of Organizational Choice." Administrative Science Quarterly, 17,1-25. Coleman, James S. (1974). Power and the Structure of Society. New York: W.W.Norton. Colignon, Richard (1997). The New Deal and Intellectuals: Thelnstitutionalizationofthe TVA. Albany: State University of New York Press. Comstock. Donald, and W. Richard Scott (1977). Technology and the Structure of Subunits: Distinguishing Individual and Work Group Effects." Administrative Science Quarterly. 22,177-202.

Conaty, Joseph, Hoda Mahmoudi, and George A. Miller (1983). "Social Structure and Bureaucracy: A Comparison of Organizations in the United States and pre-Revolutionary Iran." Organization Studies. 4,105-28. Cook, Karen S. (1977). "Exchange and Power in Networks of Inlerorganizational Relations." Sociological Quarterly, 18,62-82. Corwin, Ronald (1973). Reform and Organizational Survival: The Teacher Corps as an Instrument of Educational Change. New York: John Wiley. Coser, Lewis (1956). The Functions of Social Conflict. New York: Free Press. - (1967). Continuities in the Study of Social Conflict. New York: Free Press. Craig, John G,. and Edward Gross (1970). "The Forum Theory of Organizational Democracy: Structural Guarantee as Time Related Variables." American Sociological Review. 35,19-33. Crittenden, Ann (1978). "Philanthropy, The Business of the Not-So-Idle Rich." New York Tunes. July 23.sec. F. Crozier, Michael (1964). The Bureaucratic Phenomenon. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. - (1973). The Stalled Society, trans. Rupert Sawyer New York: Viking Press.

Cummings, Larry L. (1977). "The Emergence of the Instrumental Organization." in New Perspectives on Organizational Effectiveness, ed. Paul S. Goodman andJohannes M. Pennings. San Francisco; Jossey-Bass.

Daft, Richard L., and Selwin W. Becker (1978). Innovation in Organizations: Innovation Adoption in School Organizations. New York: Elsevier.

Daft, Richard L.. and Patricia J. Bradshaw (1980). "The Process of Horizontal Differentiation: Two Models." Administrative Science Quarterly, 25.441-56.

Dahl, Robert (1957). "The Concept of Power." Behavioral Science. 2.201-15.

Dahrendorf, Ralf (1959). C/ass and Class Conflict in Industrial Society. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Dalin, M.Tina (1997). "Isomorphism in Context: The Power and Prescription of Institutional Norms." Academy of Management Journal, 40.46-81.

Dalton. Melville (1959). Men Who Manage. New York: John Wiley.

Damanpour, Fariborz (1991). "Organizational Innovation: A Meta-Analysis of Effects of Determinants and Moderators." Academy of Management Journal. 34,555-90.

Damanpour, Fariborz. and William M. Evan (1984). "Organizational Innovation and Performance: The Problems of 'Organizational Lag.' " Administrative Science Quarterly. 29. 392.-Л09.Danet, Barbara(1981). "Client-Organization Relationships," in Handbook ofOrganizational Design, Vol. 2, ed Paul C. Nystrom and William H. Starbuck. New York: Oxford University Press.

D'Aunno, Thomas D., Robert I. Sutton, and Richard H. Price (1991). "Isomorphism and External Support in Conflicting Institutional Environments: A Study of Drug Abuse Treatment Units." Academy of Management Journal. 34,636-61.

D'Aveni, Richard D.,and lanG. MacMillan (1990). "Crisis and the Content of Managerial Communications: A Study of the Focus of Attention to Top Managers in Surviving and Failing Firms." Administrative Science Quarterly, 35,634-57.

Davis, Gerald F. (1991). "Agents Without Principles? The Spread of the Poison Pill through the Intercorporate Network." Administrative Science Quarterly. 36,583-613.

Davis, Gerald F., KristinaA. Diekmann. and CatherinH.Tinsley (1994). "The Decline and Fall of the Conglomerate Firm in the 1980s: The Deinstitutionalization of an Organizational Form." American Sociological Review. 59,547-70.

Davis, Gerald F. and Henrich R. Grove (1997). "Corporate Elite Networks and Governance Change in the 1980s." American Journal of Sociology, 103.1-37.

Davis-Blake, Allison. and Brian Uzzi (1993). "Determinants of Employment Externalization: A Study of Temporary Workers and Independent Contractors." Administrative Science Quarterly, 38.195-223.

Day,D. V., and R.G. Lord (1988). "Executive Leadership and Organizational Performance: Suggestions for a New Theory and Methodology." Journal of Management, 14.453-64.

Dean, James W. Jr., and Mark P. Sharfman (1996). "Does Decision Process Matter? A Study of Strategic Decision-Making Effectiveness." Academy of Management Review. 39,368-96.

Delacroix, Jacques, and Glenn R. Carroll (1983). "Organizational Founding: An Ecological Study of the Newspaper Industries of Argentina and Ireland." Administrative Science Quarterly, 28,274-91.

Delacroix, Jacques, and HayagreevaRao(1994). "Externalities and Organizational Theory Unbundling Density Dependence.," in Evolutionary Dynamics of Organizations, Joel A. C. Baum and Jitendra V. Singh, New York: Oxford University Press.

Delacroix, Jacques, and Anand Swaminathan (1991). "Cosmetic. Speculative, and Adaptive Organizational Change in the Wine Industry: A Longitudinal Study." Administrative Science Quarterly. 36,631-61.

Dess, Gregory G., and Donald W. Beard (1984). "Dimensions of Organizational Task Environment." Administrative Science Quarterly. 29,52-73.

Dewar, Robert D., and Jerald Mage (1978). "Size. Technology. Complexity and Structural Differentiation: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis." Administrative Science Quarterly. 23, 111-36.

Dewar, Robert D., David A. Whetten, and David Boje (1980). "An Examination of the Reliability and Validity of the Aiken and Mage Scales of Utilization, Formalization, and Task Routine ness." Administrative Science Quarterly, 25,120-28.

DiMaggio, Paul J. (1988). "Interest and Agency in Institutional Theory," \r\ Institutional Patterns and Organizations: Culture and Environment, ed. Lynne G. Zucker. Cambridge, MA: Bal-linger.

DiMaggio, Paul J., and Helmut K. Anheiser (1990). "The Sociology of Nonprofit Organizations and Sectors," in Annual Review of Sociology, ed. W. Richard Scott and Judith Blake, 137-59. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews, Inc.

DiMaggio, Paul J., and Walter W. Powell (1983). "The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields." American Sociological Review. 48,147-60.

Dobbin, Frank, and Timothy J. Dowd(1997). "How Policy Shapes Competition: Early Railroad Found-ings in Massachusetts." Administrative Science Quarterly. 42,501-29.

Dobbin, Frank, John R. Sutton, John M.Meyer. and W.Richard Scott (1993). "Equal Opportunity Law and the Construction of Internal Labor Markets." American Journal of Sociology. 99,39627.

Domhoff, G.William, and Thomas R. Dye, eds. (1987). Power Elites and Organizations. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Donaldson, Lex (1985). In Defense of Organizational Theory: A Reply to the Critics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. - (1987). "Strategy and Structural Adjustment to Regain Fit and Performance: In Defense of Contingency Theory." Journal of Management. 24,1-24. - (1995). American Anti-Management Theories of Organization: A Critique of Paradigm Proliferation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. - (1996). "The Normal Science of Structural Contingence Theory," \r\ Handbook of Organization Studies, ed. Slewart R. Clegg, Cynthia Hardy, and Walter R. Nord. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Donaldson, Lex, and Malcolm Wamer (1974). "Bureaucratic and Electoral Control in Occupational Interest Associations." Sociology. 8.47-59. Dornbusch, Sanford M. (1955). "The Military Academy as an Assimilating Institution." Soc/a/ Forces. 33,316-21. Dornbusch, Sanford M., and W. Richard Scott (1975). Evaluation and the Exercise of Authority.

New York: Basic Books. Downs, Anthony (1967). Inside Bureaucracy. Boston: Little, Brown. Drabek, Thomas E., Harriet L. Tamminga, Thomas S. Kilijanek, and Christopher R. Adams (1981). Managing Muttiorganizational Emergency Responses: Emergent Search and Rescue

Networks in Natural Disaster and Remote Area Settings. Boulder: Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado. Drazin, Robert, and Andrew H. Van deVen (1985). "Alternative Forms of Fit in Contingency Theory." Administrative Science Quarterly. 30,514-39. DuBick, Michael A. (1978). "The Organizational Structure of Newspapers in Relation to Their Metropolitan Environments." Administrative Science Quarterly. 23,418-33. Dubin, Robert (1965). "Supervision and Productivity: Empirical Findings and Theoretical Considerations," in Leadership and Productivity, ed. Robert Dubin, George Homans, Floyd Mann, and Delbert Miller. San Francisco: Chandler. Dunbar, Roger L. M., and Nikolai Wasilewski (1985). "Regulating External Threats in the Cigarette Industry." Administrative Science Quarterly. 30,540-59. Duncan, Robert B. (1972). "Characteristics of Organizational Environments and Perceived Environmental Uncertainty." Administrative Science Quarterly. 17,313-27. - (1973). "Multiple Decision-Making Structures in Adapting to Environmental Uncertainty: The Impact on Organizational Effectiveness." Human Relations, 26.273-91. Dunford, Richard (1987). "The Suppression of Technology as a Strategy for Controlling Resource Dependence." Administrative Science Quarterly. 32,512-25. Dun's Census of American Business (1995). Parsippany, NJ: Dun and Bradstreet. Eceles, Robert G., and Harrison C. White (1988). "Price and Authority in Inter-Profit Center Transactions." American Journal of Sociology, 94, Supplement, S17-S51. Edelman. Lauren B. (1990). "Legal Environments and Organizational Governance: The Expansion of Due Process of the American Workplace."<4mencanJouma/of Socfo/ogy, 95.140110. EdelmanLaurenB.,andMarkC.Suchman(1997). "The Legal Environment of Organizations," in Annual Review ofSociology, vol. 23, ed. John Hagan and Karen Cook. PaloAlto, CA: Annual Reviews, Inc. Edwards. Richard C. (1975). "The Social Relations of Production in the Finn and Labor Market Structure." Politics and Society. 5,83-108. - (1979). Contested Terrain. New York: Basic Books. Egelhoff, William G. (1982). "Strategy and Structure in Multinational Corporations: An Information Processing Approach." Administrative Science Quarterly, 27,435-58. Eisenhardt. Kathleen M., and Claudia Bird Schoonhovcn (1990). "Organizational Growth: Linking Founding Team, Strategy, Environment and Growth among U.S. Semiconductor Ventures, 1978-1988." Administrative Science Quarterly. 35,504-29. Eitzcn. D. Stanley, and Norman R. Yclman (1972). "Managerial Change. Longevity and Organizational Effectiveness." Administrative Science Quarterly. 17.110-18. Emerson, Richard M. (1962). "Power-Dependence Relations." American Sociological Review, 27,310. Emery, F.E..andE. L.Trist(1965). "The Causal Texture of Organizational Environments." Human Relations, 18,21-32.Enz.CathyA. (1988). "The Role of Value Congruence in Intraorganizational Power. "Adini-nistrative Science Quarterly. 33.284-304. - (1989). "The Measurement of Perceived Intraorganizational Power; A Multi-Respondent Perspective." Organizational Studies, 10,241-51. Etzioni.Amitai (1961). A Comparative Analysis o1 Complex Organizations. New York: Free Press. - (1964). Modem Organizations. Englewood Cliffs. NJ: Prentice Hall. - (1965). "Dual Leadership in Complex Organizations." American Sociological Review. 30. 688-98. - (1968). The Active Society: A Theory of Societal and Political Processes. New York: Free Press. - (1975). A Comparative Analysis o1'Complex Organizations, rev. ed. New York: Free Press. - (1988). "Normative Affective Factors: Toward a New Decision-Making Model." Journal o1 Economic Psychology. 9,125-50. - (1991). A Responsive Society: Collected Essays on Guiding Deliberate Social Change. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. - (1993). The Spirit of Community Rights, Responsibilities and the Communitarian. NewYork: Crown Publishers.

Evan, William (1966). "The Organization Set: Toward a Theory of Inlerorganizational Relations." 'Approaches 10 Organizational Design, ed. James Thompson. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.

Farberman, Harvey A. (1975). "A Criminogenic Market Structure: The Automobile Industry." Sociological Quarterly, 16,438-57.

Feldman, Martha S., and James G. March (1981). "Information in Organizations as Signal and Symbol." Administrative Science Quarterly. 26,171 -86.

Fennell, Mary С. (1980). "The Effects of Environmental Characteristics on the Structure of Hospital Clusters." Administrative Science Quarterly. 29,489-510.

Fiedler, Fred E. (1967). A Theory of Leadership Effectiveness. NewYork: McGraw.HiU. - (1972). "The Effects of Leadership Training and Experience: A Contingency Model Explanation." Administrative Science Quarterly. 17.453-70.

Fiedler, Fred E., and M. M. Chemcrs (1982). Improving Leader Effectiveness: The Leader Match Concept. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley.

Fiedler, Fred E., and J. E. Garcia (1987). New/Approaches to Leadership: Cognitive Resources and Organizational Performance. NewYork: John Wiley.

Filley, Alan C., and Robert J. House (1969). Managerial Processes and Organizational Behavior. Glen-view, IL: Scott, Foresman.

Filley, Alan C., and Steven Kerr (1976). Managerial Process and Organizational Behavior. Glen-view, IL: Scott. Foresman.

Finkelstein, Sydney (1992). "Power in Top Management Teams: Dimension, Measurement and Validation." Academy of Management Journal, 35,505-38.

Finney, Henry C., and Henry R. Lesieur(1982). "A Contingency Theory of Organizational Crime," in Research in the Sociology of Organizations, Vol. 1, ed. Samuel B. Bacharach. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Fligstein, Neil (1985). "The Spread of (he Multidivisional Form among Large Firms." American Sociological Review. 50,377-91. - (1987)."The Intraorganizational Power Struggle: Rise of Financial Personnel to Top Leadership in Large Corporations, 1919-1979." American Sociological Review, 52,44-58. - (1992). "The Social Construction of Efficiency," in Decision Making: Alternatives to Rational Choice Models, ed. Mary Zey, 351-76. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. - (1995) "Networks of Power or the Financial Conception of Control? Comment on Palmer, Barber, Zhou, and Soysal (1995). American Sociological Review. 60,500-503. Fligslein, Neil, and Peter Brantley (1992). "Bank Control, Owner Control, or Organizational Dynamics: Who Controls the Large Modern Corporation." American Journal of Sociology, 98,280-307. Fligstein, Neil. and Robert Freedland (1995). "Theoretical and Comparative Perspectives on Corporate Organization," in Annual Review ofSociology, ed. John Hagan and Karen S. Cook. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews, Inc.Fligslein, Neil, and lona Mara-Drita (1996). "How to Make a Market: Reflections on the Attempt to Create a Single Market in the European Union." American Journal of Sociology. 102,1-33. Florida. Richard, and Martin Kenney(1991). "Transplanted Organizations: The Transfer of Japanese Industrial Organization to the U.S." American Sociological Review, 56.381-98. Fombrun, Charles J. (1986). "Structural Dynamics within and between Organizations. "Administrative Science Quarterly, 31,403-21. Forbes (1973). "The Numbers Game: The Larger the Company, the More Understanding the Accountant?" 112,33-35. Form, William (1980). "Resolving Ideological Issues on the Division of Labor," in Sociological Theory and Research: A Critical Appraisal, ed. Hubert M. Blalock.Jr., 110-55. New York: Free Press. Freedland (1997). "The Myth of the M-Form? Governance, Consent, and Organizational Change." American Journal of Sociology, 102,483-526. Freeman. John H. (1973). "Environment. Technology, and the Administrative Intensity of Manufacturing Organizations." American Sociological Review, 38,750-63. - (1979). "Going to the Well: School District Administrative Intensity and Environmental Constraints." Administrative Science Quarterly, 24,119-33.

Freeman, John H., Glenn Carrol, and Michael Hannan (1983). "The Liability of Newness: Age-dependence in Organizational Death Rates." American Sociological Review. 48,692-710.

Freeman, John H., and Michael T. Hannan (1983). "Niche Width and the Dynamics of Organizational Populations." American Journal of Sociology. 88,1116-45. - (1989). "Setting the Record Straight: Rebuttal to Young." American Journal of Sociology, 95.425-39. Freidson, Eliot (1973). The Professions and Their Prospects. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. French, JohnR. P., and Bertram Raven (1968). "The Bases of Social Power," in Group Dynamics. 3rd ed.,ed.DorwinCartwright and Alvin Zander. New York: Harper and Row. Frost, Peter J., LarryF. Moore, Meryl Reis Louis, CraigC. Lundberg, andJoanne Martin, eds. (1985). Organizational Culture. Beverly Hills. CA: Sage. Galaskiewicz, Joseph (1979). "The Structure of Community Organizational Networks." Soc/a/ Forces, 57,1346-64. - (1985). "Interorganizational Relations."/lnnua/flei/;en'ofSocfotogy. Vol. 11. PaloAlto, CA: Annual Reviews. Inc. - (1997). "An Urban Grants Economy Revisited: Corporate Charitable Contributions in the Twin Cities, 1979-81,1987-89." Administrative Science Quarterly. 42.445-71.

Galaskiewicz, Joseph, and Ronald S. Burt (1991). "Interorganizational Contagion in Corporate Philanthropy." Administrative Science Quarterly. 36.88-105.

Galaskiewicz, Joseph, and Karl R. Krohn (1984). "Positions. Roles, and Dependencies in a Community Interorganizational System." Sociological Quarterly, 25,527-50.

Galaskiewicz, Joseph, and Peter J. Marsden (1978). "Interorganizational Resources Networks: Formal Patterns of Overlap." Social Science Research, 7,89-107.

Galaskiewicz, Joseph, and Deborah Shatin (1981). "Leadership and Networking among Neighborhood Human Service Organizations." Administrative Science Quarterly. 26,434-4S.

Galaskiewicz, Joseph, and Stanley Wasserman (1989). "Mimetic Processes within an Interorganizational Field." Administrative Science Quarterly, 34.454-79.

Galaskiewicz, Joseph, Stanley Wasserman, Barbara Rauschenbach, Wolfgang Bielefeld, and Patti Mullaney (1985). "The Influence of Corporate Power, Social Status, and Market Position on Corporate Interlocks in a Regional Network." Social Forces. 64,403-31.

Galbraith, John Kenneth (1974). "The U.S. Economy Is Not a Free Market Economy." Forbes, 113.99.

Galbrieth, Jay (1973). Designing Complex Organizations. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley,- (1977). Organization Design. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Galtung, Johan (1965). "Institutionalized Conflict Resolution: A Theoretical Paradigm." Journal of Peace Research, 2,348-96.

Gamoran, Adam, and Robert Dreeben (1986). "Coupling and Control in Educational Organizations. " Administrative Science Quarterly, 31,612-32.Gamson, William, and Norman Scotch (1964). "Scapegoating in Baseball." American Journal of Sociology, 70.69-72.

Gans.Sheldon P., and Gerald T. Norton (1975). Integration of Human Services: The State and Municipal Levels. New York: Praeger.

Gardner, ElmerA., and James N. Snipe (1970). Toward the Coordination and Integration of Personal Health Services." American Journal of Public Health. 60,2068-78.

Gargiulo, Martin (1993). "Two-step Leverage: Managing Constraints in Organizational Politics."<4o'm;n(sfraffi/e Science Ouarter/y, 38. 1-19.

Geeraerts, Guy (1984). "The Effects of Ownership on the Organization Structure in Small Firms." Administrative Science Quarterly. 29,232-37.

Georgiou, Petro (1973). "The Goal Paradigm and Notes Toward a Counter Paradigm." Administrative Science Quarterly. 18,291-310.

Gersick, Connie J.G. (1991). "Revolutionary Change Theories: A Multilevel Explanation of the Punctuated Equilibrium Paradigm." Academy of Management Review, 16,10-36.- (1994). "Pacing Strategic Change: The Case of a New Venture." Academy of Management

Journal, 37.9-45. Giordano, Peggy С. (1974). "The Juvenile Justice System: The Client Perspective." Ph.D. diss., University of Minnesota. - (1976). "The Sense of Injustice: An Analysis of Juveniles' Reaction to the Justice System." Criminology. 14.93-112. - (1977). "The Client's Perspective in Agency Evaluation." Social Work, 22.34-39.

Glisson, Charles A. (1978). "Dependence of Technological Routinizations on Structural Variables in Human Service Organizations." Administrative Science Quarterly. 23,383-95.

Goes, James В., and Seung Ho Park (1997). "Interorganizational Linkages and Innovation: The Case of Hospital Services." Academy of Management Journal, 40.673-96.

Goldman, Paul (1980). "The Marxist Analysis of Organizations: Values. Theories, and Research."Unpublished manuscript. Department of Sociology, University of Oregon.

Goldman, Paul. and Donald R. Van Houton (1977). "Managerial Strategies and the Worker: A MarxistAnalysis of Bureaucracy." Sociological Quarterly. 18,108-25.

Gooding, Richard С., and John A. Wagner I II (1985). "A Meta-Analytic Review of the Rela-tionshipbetween Size and Performance: The Productivity and Efficiency of Organizations and TheirSubunits." Administrative Science Quarterly. 30.462-81.

Goodman, Paul S.,Terri L.Griffith, and Deborah В. Fenner (1990). "Understanding Technology and the Individual in an Organizational Context." in Technology and Organizations, ed. Paul S. Goodman, Lee Sproul. and Edwin Amenta, 45-86. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Goodman, Paul, and Johannes Pennings (1977). New/Perspectives on Organizations'Effectiveness, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Goodrich, Elizabeth, and Gerald Salancik (1996). "Organizational Discretion in Responding to Institutional Practices: Hospitals and Cesarean Births." Administrative Science Quarterly. 41.1-2S.

Goodstein, Jerry D. (1994). "Institutional Pressures and Strategic Responsiveness: Employer Involvement in Work-Family Issues." Academy of Management Journal, 37,350-82.

Goodstein, Jerry, and Warren Bocker (1991). "Turbulence at the Top: A New Perspective on Governance Structure Changes and Strategic Change." Academy of Management Journal, 34,306-30.

Gouldner, Alvin, ed. (1950). Studies in Leadership. New York: Harper and Row. - (1954). Patterns ofIndustrial Bureaucracy. New York: Free Press. Grafton, Carl (1975). "The Creation of Federal Agencies." Administration and Society. 7,328-65. Granovetter, Mark (1973). "The Strength ofWeakTies." American Journal of Sociology. 78, 1360-80. - (1984). "Small Is Bountiful: Labor Markets and Establishment Size." American Sociological Review. 49,323-34. - (1985). "Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness." American Journal of Sociology. 91.481-510.Grant, Don Sherman II (1995). "The Political Economy of Business Failures across the Ameri-canStates, 1970-1985; The Impact of Reagan's New Federalism." American Sociological Review, 60,851-73.

Gresov, Christopher (1989). "Exploring Fit and Misfit with Multiple Contingencies." Adrni-nistrativeScience Quarterly, 34,431-53.

Gronbjerg, Kristen A. (1992) "Nonprofit Human Service Organizations," in Human Services as Complex Organizations, ed. Yeheskel Hasenfeld. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Gross, Edward (1968). "Universities as Organizations: A Research Approach." American Sociological Review. 33.518-3.

Grusky, Oscar (1963). "Managerial Succession and Organizational Effectiveness." American Journal of Sociology. 69.21-31. - (1964). "Reply." American JournalofSociology.70,72-76. - (1970). "The Effects of Succession: A Comparative Study of Military and Business Organization." in The SociologyofOrganizations, ed, Oscar Grusky and George Miller. New York: Free Press.

Guest, Robert (1962). "Managerial Succession in Complex Organizations." American Journal of Sociology, 68.47-54.

Guetzkow, Harold (1965). "Communications in Organizations," in Handbook of Organizations, ed. James G. March. Chicago: Rand McNally. - (1966). "Relations Among Organizations," in Studies in Behavior in Organizations: A Research Symposium, ed. R. V. Bowers. Athens: University of Georgia Press. Gulali, Ranjay (1995). "Does Familiarity Breed Trust? The Implications of Repeated Ties for Contractual Choices in Alliances." Academy of Management Journal. 38,85-112. Gupta, Anil, and Vjay Govindarajan (1991). "Knowledge Flows and the Structure of Control within Multinational Corporations." Academy of Management Review, 16,768-92. Gupta, Parveen P.. MarkW. Dirsmith, and Timothy J. Fogarty (1994). "Coordination and Control in a Government Agency: Contingency and Institutional Theory Perspectives on GAO Audits." Administrative Science Quarterly, 39,264-84. Gusfield, Joseph R. (1955). "Social Structure and Moral Reform: A Study of the Women's Christian Temperance Union." American Journal of Sociology, 61,221-32. - (1963). Symbolic Crusade. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

Haas,J. Eugene, Richard H. Hall, and Norman J.Johnson (1966). "Toward an Empirically Derived Taxonomy of Organizations." in Studies on Behavior in Organizations, ed. Raymond V. Bowers.Athens: University of Georgia Press.

Hawley, Amos H. (1968). "Human Ecology," in International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, ed. D. L. Sills. New York: Macmillan.

Hawley, W. E., and L. D. Rogers (1974). Improving the Quality of Urban Management. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Hedberg, Bo (1981). "How Organizations Learn and Unlearn," in Handbook of Organizational Design, Vol. 2, ed. Paul C. Nystrorn and William H. Slarbuck. New York: Oxford University Press.

Heide.Jan В., andAnneS. Miner (1992). "The Shadow of the Future: Effects of Anticipated Interaction and Frequency of Contact on Buyer-Seller Cooperation." Academy of Ma-nagement Journal. 35,265-91.

Heilbroner, Robert (1974). "Nobody Talks about Busting General Motors in 500 Companies." Forhes. 113,61.

Heise, David R. (1972). "How Do I Know My Data? Let Me Count the Ways." Administrative Science Quarterly. 17,58-61.

Heller, Frank A. (1973). "Leadership Decision Making and Contingency Theory." Industrial Relations, 12,183-99.

Heller, Frank, Pieter Drenth, Paul Coopman, and Veljko Rus (1988). Decisions in Organizations: A Three Country Comparison. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Helmich, Donald, and Warren B. Brown (1972). "Succession Type and Organizational Change in the Corporate Enterprise." Administrative Science Quarterly, 17.371-81.

Heydebrand, Wolf V. (1973). Comparative Organizations: The Results of Empirical Research. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. - (1977). "Organizational Contradictions in Public Bureaucracies: Toward a Marxian Theory of Organizations." Sociological Quarterly. 18,83-107. - (1990). "The Technocratic Organization of Academic Work," in Structures of Power and Constraint: Papers in Honor of Peter M. Blau, ed. Craig Calhoun. Marshall W. Meyer, and W. Richard Scott, 271-320. New York: Cambridge University Press. Hickson, David J. (1987). "Decision Making atthe Top of Organization." Annual Review of Sociology. 13.165-93.Palo Alto. CA: Annual Reviews, Inc.

Hickson, David J., J. Butler, D. Cray. G. R. Mallory, and D. C. Wilson (1986). Top Decisions: Strategic Decision Making in Organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Hickson, David J., C. R. Hinings, C.A. Lee. R. E. Schneck, andJ. M. Pennings(1971). "A "Strategic Contingencies" Theory of Interorganizational Power." Administrative Science Quarterly, 16.216-29.

Hickson, David J., C. R. Hinings, C. J. McMillan, andJ. P. Schwitter(1974). "The Culture Free Context of Organizational Structure: A Tri-National Comparison." Sociology. 8,59-80.

Hickson, David J.,DerekS. Pugh, and Diana C.Pheysey (1969). "Operational Technology and Organizational Structure: An Empirical Reappraisal." Administrative Science Quarterly, 14,378-97.

Hild.John. Hans-DieterGanter, and Alfred Kieser(1987). "Technological Innovation and Organizational Conservatism," in New Technology in Organizational Innovation: The Development and Diffusion of Microelectronics, ed. Johannes M. Pennings andArend Buitendam, 87-115. Cambridge. MA: Ballinger.

Hills, Fredericks., and Thomas A. Mahoney(1978). "University Budgets and Organizational Decision Making." Administrative Science Quarterly. 23,454-65.

Hilton, Gordon (1972). "Causal Inference Analysis: A Seductive Process." Administrative Science Quarterly, 17.44-54.

Hinings, C. R. (1988). "Defending Organizational Theory: A British View from North America." Organization Studies, 9.2-7.

Hirsch, Paul M. (1975). "Organizational Effectiveness and the Institutional Environment." Administrative Science Quarterly. 20,327-4. - (1997) "Sociology without Social Structure: Neo-lnstitutional Theory Meets Brave New World." American Journal of Sociology, 102.1702-23. Hirschhorn, Larry(1985). "On Technological Catastrophe.&quo