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IX. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English



2016-09-16 583 Обсуждений (0)
IX. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English 0.00 из 5.00 0 оценок




1. Президент США является главой государства, главой исполнительной ветви власти и верховным главнокомандующим армии и флота.

2. Стать президентом США по конституции США может только гражданин США по рождению старше 35 лет.

3. Срок правления президента составляет 4 года, и он не может быть избран больше чем на 2 срока.

4. Непосредственно за президента голосует так называемая коллегия выборщиков.

5. Президент США наделен широким кругом полномочий и обязанностей.

6. Президент США по совету и с согласия Сената назначает послов, судей Верховного суда и других официальных представителей.

7. Президент США принимает послов иностранных государств. А так же президент обязан заботиться о добросовестном исполнении законов.

8. Президент осуществляет контроль над различными министерствами и ведомствами.

9. Исполнительная ветвь власти представлена 13 министерствами. Глава каждого из министерств, Секретарь (министр), назначается президентом и утверждается Сенатом.

10. Все главы департаментов составляют президентский кабинет.

 

X. Speak about the duties and responsibilities of the United States federal executive departments.

 

THE COURT SYSTEM OF THE USA

 

THE FEDERAL JUDICIARY

 

The third branch of government, in addition to the legislative (Congress) and executive (President) branches, is the federal judiciary. Its main instrument is the Supreme Court, which watches over the other two branches. It determines whether or not their laws and acts are in accordance with the Constitution. Congress has the power to fix the number of judges sitting on the Court, but it cannot change the powers given to the Supreme Court by the Constitution itself. The Supreme Court consists of a chief justice and eight associate justices. They are nominated by the President but must be approved by the Senate. Once' approved, they hold office as Supreme Court Justices for life. A decision of the Supreme Court cannot be appealed to any other court. Neither the President nor Congress can change their decisions. In addition to the Supreme Court, Congress has established 11 federal courts of appeal and, below them, 91 federal district courts.

The Supreme Court has direct jurisdiction in only two kinds of cases: those involving foreign diplomats and those in which a state is a party. All other cases which reach the Court are appeals from lower courts. The Supreme Court chooses which of these it will hear. Most of the cases involve the interpretation of the Constitution. The Supreme Court also has the "power of judicial review," that is, it has the right to declare laws and actions of the federal, state, and local governments unconstitutional. While not stated in the Constitution, this power was established over time.

The Organization of the Federal Courts Today

The American court system is complex. It functions as part of the federal system of government. Each state runs its own court system, and no two. Are identical. In addition, we have a system of courts for the national government.

These federal courts coexist with the state courts.

Individuals fall under the jurisdiction of two different court systems, their state courts and federal courts. They can sue or be sued in either system, depending mostly on what their case is about. The vast majority of cases are resolved in the state courts.

The federal courts are organized in three tiers, like a pyramid. At the bottom of the pyramid are the US district courts, where litigation begins. In,, the middle are the US courts of appeals. At the top is the US Supreme Court. To appeal means to take a case to a higher court. The courts of appeals and the Supreme Court are appellate courts, with few exceptions, they review cases that have been decided in lower courts. Most federal courts hear and decide a wide array of cases; the judges in these courts are known as generalists.

 

Attorneys in the USA

The Justice Department is responsible for faithful execution of the laws under the president's authority. The main administrators of federal law enforcement are the ninety-four US attorneys, appointed by the president. with the advice and consent of the Senate. Unlike federal judges, these appointees serve at the pleasure of the president and are expected to relinquish their positions when the reins of government change hands.

There is a US attorney in each federal judicial district. Their staffs of assistant attorneys vary in size with the amount of litigation in the district. US attorneys have considerable discretion, which makes them powerful political figures in any community. Their decision to prosecute or not affects the wealth, freedom, rights, and reputation of individuals and organizations in the district.

US attorneys are political appointees who often harbour political ambitions. Their position commands media attention and can serve political goals. In 1983 President Reagan appointed Rudolph Giuliani as US attorney for the Southern District of New York (covering a large portion of the New York metropolitan area). Over the next five years, Giuliani notched his briefcase with dozens of successful prosecutions of elected officials, judges, organized crime figures, and Wall Street inside traders. Giuliani's activities generated reels and reams of favourable press coverage, he even appeared on a Newsweek cover. This kind of public exposure can help a US attorney launch a .successful career in elected office. As a powerful prosecutor or potential opponent, Giuliani's name must make some politicians shudder.

 



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