Сослагательное наклонение

2020-02-03

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Сослагательное наклонение в английском языке выражается различными формами. В русском же языке оно имеет только одну форму - сочетание формы глагола прошедшего времени с частицей бы (сделал бы). Поэтому возникает ряд трудностей при переводе предложений с этим грамматическим явлением. Остановимся на некоторых из них.

1. Сочетание should с инфинитивом после оборотов типа it is necessary, it is desirable, it is important и т.п., а также после глаголов to demand, to suggest, to order и т.п. часто переводится на русский язык прошедшим временем и выражает требуемое, предполагаемое или желаемое действие.

· The parties to the contract demanded that the documents should be submitted without delay (…the documents be submitted…).

Стороны по контракту потребовали, чтобы документы были представлены без промедления.

2. Употребление в условном предложении сочетания should с инфинитивом вместо Present Indefinite придает высказыванию меньшую степень вероятности, которое переводится на русский язык будущим временем.

· If need should arise (should need arise), we shall get in touch with you again.

Если возникнет необходимость, мы с вами снова свяжемся.

3. Форма were с инфинитивом в придаточных условия указывает на еще меньшую степень вероятности высказывания. На русский язык переводится сослагательным наклонением часто со словами если… бы, почему-нибудь, и т.п.

· Such a policy is bound to be unpopular and if Germany were to support it they would undoubtedly risk their leadership in Europe.

Такая политика наверняка не будет пользоваться популярностью, и, если бы Германия стала ее поддерживать, она несомненно поставила бы под угрозу свое лидерство в Европе.

4. Союз if может быть опущен в условных придаточных предложениях, тогда слова should , had , were ставятся перед подлежащим.

· Had they known it they would have sent the documents beforehand.

Если бы они знали об этом, они выслали бы документы заранее.

Перевод всех других форм сослагательного наклонения как правило не вызывает трудностей.

Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения:

1.	The United Nations Human Rights Commission yesterday urged that economic sanctions and an oil embargo should be introduced against certain countries.
2.	The analysts recommended that the United States in formulating its policies for the region should demonstrate a sensitivity to the internal pressures felt by the Gulf rulers.
3.	The Government, therefore, propose that these matters should, in the first instance, be left to negotiation between the Corporation and the Federation.
4.	It is important that the real situation shouldbe examined because anything which promotes irrational differences between earnings in an industry is bound to cause trouble.
5.	Health depends to a great extent on housing and education, said Dr. A. who put forward the resolution asking that an extra $ 2,000 million a year should be provided initially.
6.	The pragmatists argue that the president cannot afford to take the political risk of seeing hundreds of thousands of automobile workers thrown out of jobs because of foreign competition. They urge that the administration ask the Japanese government to restrain the level of Japanese automobile exports for three years.
7.	The majority of people, should they be politicians, trade unionists of employers, are now all in favour of East-West trade. The problem today is how to break down the remaining barriers.
8.	If Bonn should decide to buy less gas, it would certainly soften U.S. opposition. But if the West Germans conclude they need all the gas they are slated to get, there could be trouble.
9.	Today's talks, therefore, will certainly lay down guide-lines for a Tory Manifesto should an early election materialize.
10.	Objections to this plan, supposing there should be any, should be reported to the committee at once.
11.	Accounting for about 40 per cent of OPEC production, Saudi Arabia currently enjoys enormous leverage over the market and its oilproducing colleagues. If it were to cut back sharply, however, sagging oil prices would almost certainly jump up once again.
12.	The major U.S. auto companies lost an astonishing $ 4.2 billion this year. Of the three only General Motors is likely to show a profit next year. If the two weaker companies were to collapse, hundreds of thousands of jobs would be lost in the auto industry, alone, and perhaps a million jobs taking into account the industries that produce materials for cars such as steel and glass.
13.	One of their fears is that the auto industry, if given relief, would increase prices rather than production. Another argument that they have used is that even if production were to increase, General Motors would pick up roughly 60 per cent of the lost Japanese sales and that would not provide enough help for Chrysler and Ford.
14.	They had a special reason for preferring short-time - the low normal wastage at its works - but, again, fear of a strike if redundancies were declared also influenced the company.
15.	Unemployment of those proportions, were it general, would be a national catastrophe.
16.	Had the election campaign been still in progress the wage squeeze might have become an issue.
17.	February's trade figures showed a $ 62 million deficit. There would have been an even worse result, had it not been for the $ 559 million that foreign businessmen invested in Britain.
18.	The Prime Minister refused to be drawn yesterday into saying what he would do if his attempt to "renegotiate" the agreement were to fail.

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