Сложные атрибутивные конструкции

2020-02-03

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1. Двучленные словосочетания, как правило, не вызывают трудностей в переводе, в то время как многочленные требуют часто анализа. Его лучше начинать с последнего (определяемого) существительного. Затем разбить конструкцию на смысловые группы и переводить их справа налево.

Например словосочетание budget deficit reduction program следует начать переводить с последнего слова: program - программа. Разбиваем на смысловые группы: 1) reduction program (программа снижения); 2) budget deficit (дефицита бюджета). Теперь переводим все словосочетание: программа снижения дефицита бюджета.

2. Часто при переводе сложных атрибутивных конструкций необходима контекстуальная развертка. Например, сочетание wage control чаще означает ограничение роста заработной платы; commodity markets - сырьевые рынки, рынки сырья (сырьевых товаров, биржевых товаров) и т.п.

Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения:

1.	The ultimate decision will test the president's overall economic policy and its practical application toward troubled domestic industries, as well as his campaign pledge to the blue-collar constituency in the auto-producing states.
2.	The heads of state of the European Union agreed this week in the Netherlands on an anti-recession strategy that calls for lower interest rates and new spur to production.
3.	Although other manufacturing companies are not faring as poorly outside the United States as the automakers, they are not thrilled about their earning prospects.
4.	With their pay rise banned by the Government, the men have refused to cooperate with their employers in productivity measures to which the rise was linked.
5.	But strongest of all the arguments is the huge profits the car owners have been making over the years. It is one of the ironies of the situation that just as their payrolls fall and their car outputs go down, all the companies are reporting record profits made for the past year.
6.	His April Budget increases formed a very large part in the retail price index increase during that month.
7.	The Treasurer introduces a Bill to implement the Government's plan to give preferential taxation treatment to life insurance companies.
8.	The figures are in and they spell disaster - some 1,259,200 people will join the ranks of the unemployed as a direct result of the Administration budget cuts.
9.	Coupled with the spending and tax proposals were changes in the federal regulatory process and monetary policy.
10.	The steps announced in Paris, to take effect Monday, include decreasing the Bank of France's key money-market intervention rate to 10.75 per cent from 11.25 per cent, while imposing a 5-percent reserve requirement on nonresident bank accounts, French monetary officials said.
11.	In the past few years coordination agencies have been created by the Government to include a Foreign Exchange Committee and an Internal Finance Committee; and the Central Bank and the Ministers of Finance, Commerce and State Enterprises exert some influence in this sphere.
12.	The three month United Nations World Trade and Development Conference, which was attended by representatives of 122 Governments, was called the Little General Assembly.
13.	If you thought that this latest increase in the index - which, by the way, does not reflect at all the Government-imposed postal charge increases - would justify a bigger wage increase, you are mistaken.
14.	Paradoxically, the poll returns mean that he will be able to go ahead with his plan to introduce a pay-as-you-earn income tax scheme, which had been the main issue of the elections.
15.	Far more questionable are the restrictions proposed for the state-financed unemployment benefit programs for the short-term unemployed.
16.	The report listed a whole range of tax-deductible items available to companies, including company houses, yachts for entertaining overseas clients and even company racehorses.
17.	"These supply-oriented policies are directed at the medium-term," the panel said, "If they are successful, it will raise the international competitiveness of German products".
18.	The British P.M., who has spent nearly two years trying to force a reconstruction of the badly battered British economy, sees the next six months as a crucial "test of will" for a survival-of-the-fittest tight money, budget-cutting strategy for reducing inflation, inefficiency and the size and economic involvement of government.
19.	Tokyo - Sanyo Electric expects to show record profit and sales figures for the year ending next Nov. 30, company president said Tuesday. He said after-tax profit for the period will rise.

XII РАЗДЕЛ

Обзорные упражнения

Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения:

1.	To gauge this risk, it is important to start by distinguishing between cause and effect. The links between the two can be hard to sort out.
2.	To ignore the threat that a slump in share prices poses to the economy would be far too sanguine.
3.	Bundesbank basing has never been more popular. Now it is not only Germany's partners in the European exchange-rate mechanism who attack its high interest rates, but also business and economists at home.
4.	The number of Japanese cars exported could well drop, yet their total value still rise.
5.	At the end of the G-7 meeting, the Canadian Prime Minister tried to buy a little more time. While he promised to consult his Cabinet about changes in policy when he returns from Europe, he said action would await the U.S. response to the summit.
6.	Smaller producers have fallen behind since state monopolies took over oil production, and now need western help simply to remain self-sufficient.
7.	Although Cabinet members have been sending out signals that wage restraint of some sort will be imposed on the federal public service, the Government has little stomach for a full blown system of wage and price controls.
8.	The Prime Minister promised a shift in economic policy, but there have been few signs that the Government has any new ideas about how to respond to the crisis.
9.	With the Canadian economy turning in its worst performance since the Great Depression, the Prime Minister faces a daunting task when he returns from his European trip on Sunday.
10.	This year has seen duties on aluminum from Russia and - bizarrely, given that the company involved is controlled by unsubsidised foreign investors - on mountain-bikes from China.
11.	But in the past his governments have shown little ability to achieve such laudable, if obvious, objectives in policy.
12.	The Commerce Department announced revisions for its November trade report, which was released last month. November exports, which originally had been reported as $ 37.5 billion, were revised to $ 36.9 billion. The figures are seasonally adjusted.
13.	Nissan Japan's second biggest car maker recently raised Y 51 billion ($ 500 m) by dumping its stake in Yasuda Trust Bank.
14.	Australia's new Prime Minister (the former Treasurer) must share responsibility for the current slump.
15.	We should judge presidents for what they can change, and their powers over the economy range from modest to nonexistent.
16.	What is good for euro-land as a whole, however, may not be right for its constituent parts.
17.	The economy appears to have grown at an annual rate of 3% or better during the second half of the year.
18.	Many people also worry about another potential risk: that a stockmarket crash would have substantial "wealth effect" on consumers. Because so many households own shares, the argument goes, a drop in the stockmarket would take a bite out of many families' wealth.
19.	Although Americans now do much of the hand-wringing about competitiveness, it is Europeans who have more to worry about.
20.	Today many of the firms struggling to survive in the young AI (artificial intelligence) industry predict its imminent disappearance. They may well be right.
21.	Even the recent adjustments to the taxation and price regime for the oil industry, while welcomed for the resulting C $ 2 bn improvement in industry cash flow, confirmed doubts in many minds that the Government had not understood what was happening in that vital sector.
22.	Since these profits are closely tied to the economy's health, a plunge in share prices may occur because the economy's prospects have grown bleaker, and not the other way round.
23.	This financial straitjacket leaves Ottawa with little room to find funds for job creation.
24.	With his credibility and perhaps his career at stake General Motors's chairman told workers: "The North American automotive industry sustained losses unparalleled in its history. GM is taking aggressive action to reverse this trend and increase its competitiveness".
25.	Even before its most recent fall, the dollar was substantially undervalued in terms of its international purchasing power - suggesting that if nothing else happens it will eventually rise again.
26.	Yet last year the core European countries maintained tight monetary and fiscal policies. As it feeds through to the economy this year, that tightening will restrict growth. Now, if anything, the core needs lower interest rates to make sure its recovery does not falter.
27.	The decline in exports was concentrated in capital goods, consumer goods and autos.
28.	The case that the president engineered the recovery rests on the argument that the deficit reduction gave the economy an extra boost by lowering interest rates.
29.	To win economically again, Japan must liberalize and democratize its society and its economy. The old ways won't work anymore.
30.	What if economy starts overheating? Then - or preferably even before - the chancellor should listen to the Bank of England and increase interest rates.
31.	Eleven European economics have converged enough to merge their currencies into one, but a single monetary policy may not fit all.
32.	Meanwhile, the painful slog to qualify for the single currency is nearly over. Eleven countries, having slimmed their budget deficit enough to meet the requirements for joining Europe's new single currency, the euro, plan to hand responsibility for monetary policy to the European Central Bank (ECB) in less than ten mouths' time.
33.	The American economy would be roughly where it is today if George Bush, Ross Perot or - to pick a random name - radio shock jock Howard Stern had been elected at that time.
34.	And it was America that persuaded South Korea and other Asian countries to begin to open up their capital markets, and discouraged them from pegging their currency to the dollar.
35.	Short-term interest rates rose by about a quarter of a point, while budgets were squeezed by around 1% of GDP
36.	Investor, business and consumer confidence has eroded steadily since last November, when the Finance Minister introduced his controversial budget.
37.	Kenneth Clarke, the chancellor, paints a golden scene: rising investment, a falling balance of payments deficit, stable inflation and, with buoyant tax receipts and higher-than-expected receipts from privatisation, a reduction in public borrowing.
38.	Inspired by the 50^th anniversary of the Bretton Woods conference, the case for a new system of exchange-rate co-ordination is again being debated.
39.	As neither country plans to loosen its fiscal stance, if anything, Germany plans to crunch its budget deficit even more this year - a single monetary policy is thus likely to give their economies an untimely knock.
40.	A separate release of January's money supply figures from the Bank of England showed the narrow M₀ aggregate growing at an annual rate of 2.2%. The aggregate, which consists largely of notes and coins in circulation, is often viewed as a good indicator of economic activity.
41.	Some economists have long argued that the dollar's ups and downs do no harm: companies that want to avoid exchange-rate uncertainty can do so by trading currencies in the forward market, or by using other financial instruments.
42.	When an economy such as America's has a fifth of its commercial property vacant, it must fall far short of its potential.
43.	If it wants to affect the current account, the government should now either cut its budget surplus drastically, or use microeconomiс reforms to lower personal savings.
44.	"Monetarism" (the idea that growth in some particular measure of money, e.g. M₃, may accurately predict inflation) is out of favour among economists. Yet it would be wrong to ignore money completely. Particular measures of money may have proved unreliable guides to inflation, but when many different financial indicators say the same thing, it is well to pay attention.
45.	The Federal Reserve raised short-term interest rates last week to contain inflation.
46.	If sustained (a big if), larger productivity gains - meaning more efficiency - would mean larger increases in wages or living standards.
47.	AI (artificial intelligence) is only one, relatively small element in the computer systems needed to solve intricate business problems. It is the little extra bit that makes the whole thing good.
48.	We reward presidents for good times and punish them for bad times when they usually don't have much to do with either.
49.	By delaying interest rates cuts, the Bundesbank is sending a clear message to unions: excessive pay rises will not be accommodated but will cost jobs.
50.	We ought to stop pretending that a president is maestro of a business cycle.
51.	With inflation, government borrowing and strikes on the rise, united Germany is hardly the iron man of Europe.
52.	Only time will tell whether this pump-priming (комплекс мер по стабилизации экономики) will cure an ailing Australia. But it is another nail in the coffin of monetarism which, literally, hasn't delivered the goods in those industrialized economies used as a test bed for a theory best left in the laboratory.
53.	Action to hold the dollar's value close to some "equilibrium", however defined, would require American interest rates to be directed to that end.
54.	The range of 3.5-5.5% for M₃ growth is two tight. It was based on an inflation target of 2% and a potential economic growth rate (that which can be sustained without increasing inflation) of 2-2.5%.
55.	Propping the falling dollar calls for dearer money in America - but so too does the fast growing domestic economy.
56.	The domestic policy frameworks of most countries do not reflect the role of TNCs (transnational corporations) as integrating agents of capital, trade, technology and training flows; hence one of the first tasks of Governments in the new world economy is to adjust their policy-making structures.
57.	The president's deficit-reduction program has had a "profoundly important" effect on the economy. The president had to "jump start the recovery".
58.	Ireland, which ran a large budget surplus last year, might be forced to run an even bigger one if the single monetary policy is not tight enough to suit its needs.
59.	In the 1960s and 1970s, presidents strove to sustain "full employment" and to avoid recession; the result was to encourage easy credit policies by the Fed (Federal Reserve System) that led to high inflation.
60.	Initial reaction to the Prime Minister's new package was sour on the foreign exchange and bond markets yesterday; but since it is designed to win an election, this is no great surprise.
61.	Germany might soon set the stage for the next leg of growth. The immediate benefit of all this to the rest of the world should be lower German interest rates, and hence lower rates in other countries.
62.	"The problem is worse for high-technology products like computers and pharmaceuticals, where EU imports have been rising at an annual rate of 8%, while exports have grown by only 2%", Mr. McWilliams said.
63.	By 1990 the American market for diesels had all but disappeared.
64.	Average pay settlements have fallen. Volkswagen's workers have just agreed a 4.9% rise. If a company with slumping profits in a cutthroat industry agrees such a big increase what hope is there for firms in more sheltered sector?
65.	The factory sector has spent most of the year in the doldrums, depressed by defense cuts, weaker exports, and sagging orders generally.
66.	No wonder, then, that a growing chorus of financial pundits reckon a devaluation of some sort is likely just after the election if not before.
67.	The European exchange rate mechanism (ERM) has been dominated by the D-mark almost since its birth in 1979.
68.	Most economists are forecasting little or no growth. Yet the Bundesbank president has just said that there is still no room for cutting interest rates. Are the inflation-fighters in danger of overdoing it?
69.	The stocks will have to be replenished swiftly if they are to supply the rising demand.
70.	Investors have begun to shift a healthy slice of their portfolios into cash. But the mass exodus of fund investors that many doomsayers have predicted has yet tomaterialize.
71.	Last year the trade deficit was $ 96 billion. It might be 50 per cent higher this year.
72.	The advocates of cheaper money seem not to have noticed that monetary policy has already been loosened a good deal, or to remember that it takes at least two years for such changes to have their full effect on the economy.
73.	Any upturn in demand will suck in imports and swell the deficit to bursting point. This would be the case if confidence in the UK economy were shaken so badly that overseas investors started to withdraw this money.
74.	The Government officially estimates that nominal capital gains amounted to $ 62.2 billion over the 1990s, far outweighing any gap in the current account. But the author of the report agrees that this is a significant underestimate, for the breaking-down of the figures shows a $ 78.1 billion gain from portfolio investment, and an implausible loss of $ 23.5 billion on net direct investment.
75.	Since the reserves generally earn poor returns, they drag down the average return on equity.
76.	The latest data suggest that labour markets are alittle firmer as the new year gets under way.
77.	American GNP grew by an average of 2.7% a year, boosted by tax cuts, deregulation and a massive defence build-up.
78.	Pirelli cannot afford to keep a permanent team employed just on acquisitions. But the lack of planning meant that it was often unclear who, if anyone, was speaking for the firm as the talks dragged on.
79.	The workaholic older generation in Japan is being replaced by middle-aged corporate mercenaries who, like their counterparts in the West, are no longer blindly loyal to their firms. They, in turn, are being followed by younger workers who seem more interested in leisure than in what is happening at the office.
80.	The Bundesbank's job is not steering the real economy; by law, its task is ensuring price stability, defined as an inflation rate of 2% or less. The Bundesbank has had more success than other central banks in using monetary targets to control inflation.
81.	In the Senate, Chairman Lloyd Bentsen, a Texas Democrat, of the Finance Committee agreed to prepare a bill that would finance any tax cuts with increases in other taxes. The decision placates Appropriations Committee Chairman Robert Byrd whose cooperation is needed if a tax bill is to pass.
82.	The Mexican central bank has also had to issue plenty of tesobonos - dollar linked bonds that are popular with investors who worry about currency risk.
83.	Even in Mexico, none of the blue-chip industrial companies had yet defaulted on their dollar debts, though some might eventually do so.
84.	The pressure on companies to cut costs and boost productivity stems from the economy's structural problems - public and private debt, defense downsizing, and competitiveness - which will not go away anytime soon.
85.	Had the D-mark been revalued at the time of unification, it would have helped dampen Germany's economic boom, and inflation could have been kept in check at lower interest rates. Other ERM countries would now have lower interest rates than they do, and their exports would have grown to meet Germany's demand.
86.	The news a businessman from Utah was delivering was too good: for the industrialist was telling of booming investment, state-of-the art products and filled order books.
87.	Since money-supply figures can be unreliable, some economists prefer to watch changes in nominal GDP: roughly, the sum of inflation and real growth.
88.	Fuelled by eager venture capitalists, the first generation of AI (artificial intelligence) companies sprang from university labs in the mid-1980s.
89.	Five years ago artificial intelligence (AI) was supposed to be the computer industry's next entrepreneurial pot of gold.
90.	Using protectionist rules to shelter European industries from competition would only make the problems worse, he said.
91.	The head of Swiss Bank Corporation's international division told journalists that if Mexico was to attract foreign money after August's presidential elections, a clean vote and continuity of policy were not enough: Mexico was to devalue the peso too.
92.	Wayne Angell, a former Fed governor and inflation hawk, reckons that if the central bank waits until its August meeting, it will have to raise short-term rates by a full percentage point to calm the markets.
93.	France's central bank, unlike the Bundesbank, is not independent of its government. If French unemployment continues to rise, politicians might be tempted to cut interest rates in order to spur growth.
94.	Germany's finance minister hailed America's sound economy and said that the administration was right not to react to the dollar's decline.
95.	If this improvement in efficiency could be achieved for all investment across an economy, incomes per head would typically rise by more than extra percentage point each year.
96.	The space in which TNCs (transnational corporations) act is expanding as more countries give a great role to the private sector and market forces in their economies.
97.	Current account deficits clearly matter: if Britain is running a deficit with the rest of the world, then foreigners have to be encouraged to hold sterling.
98.	After studying acquisitions at 20 different firms, the authors of a new book conclude that managers do not pay enough attention to evaluating and negotiating mergers and takeovers.
99.	The ERM (exchange rate mechanism) was designed as a multilateral system. In theory, if one country's currency hit its floor against another's, both governments had to take action.
100.	Take France as an example: the markets have traditionally kept French interest rates above Germany's to make up for the greater risk that the frank might be devaluated.
101.	To treat the European productivity malaise, he called for greater training and education, weaker currencies against the yen and dollar, and restrained wage costs and social benefits.
102.	Meanwhile, as domestic sales have slowed, Japanese companies have switched their sights again vigorously toward overseas markets.
103.	The craft workshops in Britain were overtaken by American methods of mass production.
104.	After surveying Japanese firms, HILL's researchers confirm the widespread impression in Japan that the changing attitudes to work are shaking the foundations of the much-vaunted Japanese system of life-time employment.
105.	A stronger D-mark would, at least in the short term, make other countries’ exports more attractive. But the revaluation wouldhave to be large to make much difference.
106.	Instead of making a wide range of products inefficiently, as they did in the days of import-substitution, many firms have learned to specialize.
107.	As a result, despite recession in America and in parts of Europe, Japan's exports were 12% higher in dollar terms in the first half of the year.
108.	To finance higher investment America would either have to increase private saving or slash its budget deficit.
109.	Now the benefits to be had from revaluing the D-mark are less clear.
110.	Mexico has also had to keep interest rates high to maintain capital inflows.
111.	As the economy recovers, imports are likely to rise again.
112.	Devaluation is more likely to create than solve the balance of payments "problem", as it would undermine Britain's exchange-rate credibility and so make foreigners more nervous about sterling assets.
113.	The rise of Japan's biggest car maker mirrors its success atmaking its factories more flexible than those of its western competitors.
114.	Most economists' familiar advice: the best way for governments to spur growth is to help markers to work better and to adopt stable and credible macroeconomic policies which encourage firms to take a long-term view.

СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

1. Егорова А.М. «Теория и практика перевода экономических текстов с английского языка на русский», 1974,

2. Комиссаров В.Н., Рецкер Я.И., Тарков В.И. Пособие по переводу с английского языка на русский. М., 1965

3. Рецкер Я.И. «Теория перевода и переводческая практика», Москва, 1974

4. Швейцер А.Д. «Теория перевода: статус, проблемы, аспекты», Москва, 1988.

5. Газеты и журналы:

"The Economist"

"Business Week"

"Newsweek"

"Time"

"The Wall Street Journal"

"Financial Times"

[1] Все уточнения сделаны только для данного текста

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