Структура предложения в английском языке

В английском предложении каждый член предложения, как правило, имеет свое определенное место. Так, в простом распространенном повествовательном предложении на первом месте стоит

1. подлежащее, за ним следует

2. сказуемое, далее идет

3. дополнение (косвенное, прямое) и затем

4. обстоятельства (образа действия, места, времени).

 

1) I; 2) gave; 3) my brother; 3) a book; 4) yesterday.

Make up sentences.

1. Is best she friend my
2. learn different students our subjects
3. the is Russian the in country largest world
4. in the we city live a flat in of centre the
5. reading is my of best son’s fond friend

 

Отличительной чертой английского предложения является твердый порядок слов, т.е. в утвердительных и отрицательных предложениях всегда подлежащее стоит перед сказуемым.

My name is Ann. Меня зовут Энн.

Подлежащее может быть выражено чаще всего существительным и местоимением.

He is a student. Он студент.

Pete lives in London. Пит живет в Лондоне.

 

В безличных предложениях употребляется формальное подлежащее, выраженное местоимением it.

It is cold. Холодно.

 

Сказуемое бывает простое (выражается глаголами в личной форме).

He works here. Он здесь работает.

Сказуемое может быть составным (именным и глагольным).

He is a driver. Он водитель.

Составное именное сказуемое выражается глаголом–связкой “to be” – “быть” в сочетании с именной частью, которая может быть выражена существительным, прилагательным или другой частью речи.

This is a telephone. – существительное

Глагол “to be”– “быть”,один из наиболее часто употребляемых глаголов английского языка, в настоящем времени склоняется по лицам и числам.

Лицо	Ед. число	Мн. число
	I am You are He is She is It is	We are You are They are

Глагол “to be” используется:

· как смысловой глагол в значении “быть, находиться”:

David is in London. Дэвид находится в Лондоне.

· как глагол–связка:

It is a telephone. Это (есть) телефон.

· как вспомогательный глагол:

David is working now. Дэвид сейчас работает.

Exercise 26

Choose am / is / are.

1. Her name ............... Natalie.

2. I ................. from Poland.

3. Where ............... you from?

4. She ................. from England.

5. They .................. doctors.

6. It .................. a computer.

7. We .................. in Russia.

8. Clive ……. a managing director.

9. It …… a letter from England.

10. I …… a secretary.

11. The engineers …… very busy all day long.

12. My friend ….. a sales representative.

13. Our companies ….. in Europe.

14. What….. your name?

15. Where …… she from?

16. How ….. you? I …… fine.

17. Where ….your office?

18. We ….. not a big company.

19. I ….. here and you …. there.

20. His telephone number ….. in my notebook.

21. We ….. Spanish.

22. Peter and Clark ….. upstairs.

23. Who ….. your boss?

24. That… a good idea.

Grammar notes

Структура предложений с глаголом “to be”.

утвердительная форма	отрицательная форма	вопросительная форма
I am a student (I’m) You are a student (You’re) He is a student (He’s) She is a student (She’s) It is a school (It’s) We are students (We’re) You are students (You’re) They are students (They’re)	I am not ... (I’m not) You are not ... (You aren’t) He is not ... (He isn’t) She is not ... (She isn’t) It is not ... (It isn’t) We are not ... (We aren’t) You are not ... (You aren’t) They are not ... (They aren’t)	Am I a student? Are you a student? Is he a student? Is she a student? Is it a school? Are we students? Are you students? Are they students?

Короткие ответы:

Yes, I am. Yes, we are No, I’m not. No, we aren’t.

Yes, you are Yes, you are No, you are not. No, you aren’t

Yes, he/she/it is. Yes, they are No, he/she/it isn’t. No, they aren’t.

Exercise 27

Choose am / is / are:

1. ……. they receptionists? Yes, they …..

2. …….. she married? No, she …..

3. …. …you from Canada? No, I ……….

4. …….. he a sales representative? No, he ………

5. …….. you at work? No, I ………..

6. …….it your office? Yes, it ….

7. …… they shop assistants? Yes, they …….

8. …… you German? Yes, we …….

9. …… he single? No, he …….

10. …… they your colleauges? No, they ………

Exercise 28

Make up sentences. Use the needed forms of the verb “to be”.

( The capital Paris France of)

Paris is the capital of France.

1. My head mother administration of the

2. At moment the Jenny not office the in

3. Company our old very

4. Very catalogues beautiful the

5. Not in interested your we product

6. They computer company graphics at managers a

7. The manager production who ?

8. what company's your address?

Exercise 29

Read the dialogue and put the verbs in brackets into the right form.

PH: Hello, I …. (to be) Peter Hay. Where ….. (to be) you from?

JF: We …. (to be) from Seattle in the USA.

PH: Oh, …. (to be) you American?

JF: I …. (to be). But Arnold …. (to be/not).

AW: I …. (to be) from Austria. But we …. (to be) from the same company, Inter Corp.

PH: Oh, yes, Inter Corp. What ….. (to be) your names?

JF: My mane …. (to be) Jane Field. This …. (to be) Arnold Weiss.

PH: Pleased to meet you. …. (to be) in banking?

AW: No, …. (to be/not). We …. (to be) in insurance.

Exercise 30

Complete the cpaces with the right form of the verb “to be”.

Axdal Electronics is a world leader in control systems. We ……. suppliers to the car industry. Car manufacturers …… our only customers. We ….. also suppliers to other industries. AE …….. an international company. Our customers …. in the USA, Japan and Europe. Our Chief Executive …. Paul Axdal. “We … a family company and business ….. very good”, says Paul.

Exercise 31

Meet BOS

Brihgter Office Supplies Ltd (limited) is a company which makes and sells office equipment. It has many offices in other parts of London. But the head office is in Harlow in Essex.

BOS has also some representatives abroad. They have offices in Italy, Japan, Brazil, Egypt. Every office has its own sales representative, a sales assistant and a secretary.

People, who work there, are of different nationalities. They are Italian, Brazilian, French and Japanese.

Read the names of the head office staff.

Mr Fred McLean Mrs Luisa Middle Mr Simon Young Mrs Sheila Baker

Mr Howard Spencer Miss Mary Mackie Mr Paul Johnson Miss Joy Bradley

Exercise 32

Look at the staff list above, ask and answer the questions.

Is Luisa married? Yes. She’s Mrs Middle.

Is Mary ..............? No. She’s Miss Mackie.

... Fred ...............? I don’t know.

NBWoman Man

married: Mrs Middle Ms Middle Mr McLean

single: Miss Mackie Ms Mackie Mr McLean

Exercise 33

Read and translate the article.

Titles and names

In English–speaking countries, use Mr. plus the last name for men. There are two titles for women, Ms and Mrs. It’s best to use Ms if you aren’t sure which title to use. Miss is usually not used as a title for women.

What name do you use with a title? In most Western countries, the order of names is first (given) name, then last (family) name, for example, Luisa de Sousa. Use the family name when you meet someone. For example, say Ms. De Sousa to Luisa de Sousa.

People use the family name with titles in China, Japan, and Korea, too. But the order of names is different – family name then first name(s). Chen Jihai is Mr. Chen, not Mr. Jihai.

What about first names? In the USA and Canada, first names are OK when you first meet. If someone says, “Please call me Rui, “ use the first name. It’s polite and friendly.

 

Mark the following sentence True, False or I don’t know.

1. Ms. And Mrs. аre titles.
2. Mr. is a title for men.
3. A title is the same thing as a name.
4. In Western countries, use the first name, then the family name.
5. Luisa de Sousa is not married.
6. It’s OK to use first names when you first meet someone in the USA or Canada.
7. The order of names in China, Japan, and Korea is the same as in most Western countries.
8. It’s possible to introduce yourself by saying your family name then your first name.
9. It’s possible to use Mr., Mrs., or Miss on its own, or with a first name.
10. British people use Sr and Jr to refer to a father and his son.
11. Americans often show their middle name with an initial.
12. You can always use someone’s first name to talk to them, even if you don’t know them very well.
13. Ms is being used more and more as a title for women.
14. You can show your qualifications after your name on your business card.

Grammar notes Местоимения

личные местоимения	косвенный падеж личных местоимений	притяжательные местоимения
кто? who?	кому? кого? whom?	чей? whose?
I you he she it we you they	me you him her it us you them	my your his her its our your their

 

Местоимения, после которых не используется существительное.

Mine – мой Ours – наш

Yours– твой, ваш Theirs – их

His – его

Hers – ее

The dog is hers. – Собака ее.

The books are ours. – Книги наши.

 

Exercise 34

Fill in needed pronouns:

She has a car. It’sher car.

1. He has a family. It’s ............. family.

2. They have a computer. It’s ................... computer.

3. ........ have a big house. It’s our house.

4. ........ have a boat. It’s my boat.

5. It’s her dog. The dog is ............ .

6. They are my children. The children are ........... .

7. You have a telephone. It’s ............. telephone.

8. She has a mobile phone. The mobile phone is ............. .

9. We have an office. It’s .................. office.

10. ............. has an English book. The book is his.

11. I like ….job.

12. Tom likes ….job.

13. My sister likes …… job.

14. You like …….job.

15. John and Mary like …….jobs.

16. We like …….job.

17. I saw Mary with ….children.

18. I saw Ted with …… wife.

19. I saw Ann with …….friend.

20. I saw Ann and Ted with …… parents.

21. I saw you with …….husband.

22. They saw me with …….students.

 

Exercise 35

Form the negative and the interrogative sentences.

You are from Egypt.

You are not from Egypt.

Are you from Egypt?

1. He is from Germany

2. They are in England

3. Your name is John

4. James is from Italy

5.She is a manager

Exercise 36

Answer the questions.

1. What’s your surname?

2. What’s your name?

3. What’s your address?

4. What’s your nationality?

5. What’s your telephone number?

6. Are you married or single?

7. Where are you from?

8. Can you spell your surname please?

Exercise 37

Translate into English.

1. Меня зовут Хелен.

2. Он из Англии.

3. Откуда ты?

4. Как тебя зовут?

5. Вы женаты или холосты?

6. Ваш адрес?

7. Ваша национальность?

8. Ваша профессия?

9. Как вы поживаете?

10. Они из России.

11. Это английская компания.

12. Главный офис компании находится в Лондоне.

13. Как называется ваша компания?

14. Ваши продукты дорогие? (products), (expensive).

15. Ваша супруга менеджер?

16. Мой муж – управляющий директор.

17. Cкажите по буквам, пожалуйста.