Б. Практическая часть. Задание 1. Проанализируйте подчеркнутые сказуемые в следующих предложениях и дайте их

Задание 1. Проанализируйте подчеркнутые сказуемые в следующих предложениях и дайте их перевод с учетом грамматического времени, аспекта и залога.

1.Philosophy began with man’s sense of wonder and curiosity expressed in the question “What are things really like?” Philosophers approached this question with a fresh and new frame of mind that was in contrast to that of the great poets. 2. We are told by Aristotle that “the Pythagoreans devoted themselves to mathematics”. 3. Pythagoras became interested in mathematics for religious reasons. He is, therefore, referred to as the founder both of a religious sect and at the same time a school of mathematics. 3. The research underlines the importance of psychological experiments for understanding the nature of aggression. They will provide solid evidence that aggression is caused both by internal and external factors. 4. The data we have collectedwill be presented in a chart or table, as it is the most efficient way to illustrate the results of our research. 5. Many scientists are staying in the same research laboratories through their lives and don’t agree to move to more prestigious institutions. 6. The failure of the experiment has been linked to the inappropriate methodology.

Задание 2. Вставьте необходимый по смыслу глагол из приведенных ниже вместо пропусков в следующих предложениях. Учитывайте сочетаемость глагола с определенными предлогами и именами существительными.

Depends, demonstrated, is identified, to examine, deals with, were applied, to keep, to emphasize, is based, can be filled

1. When doing research it is sensible … good records of all your findings. 2. Our next step is … the evidence for the existence of this species. 3. The vacancy … only by a scientist with outstanding record and background. 4. The text … the methods of biological science, their historical background and development. 5. Much … on the personal interest of the student, and on his linguistic and cultural background. 6. This approach … on a rather well established methodology. 7. Their research clearly … the need for a new approach to the study of human behavior. 8. Social research techniques … to examine the effects of the policy on the middle-aged. 9. Monetary economics … with the theories of Milton Friedman. 10. In her speech she tried … on the advantages of this new approach.

Задание 3. Обратите внимание на использование модальных глаголов и их эквивалентов в следующих предложениях. Переведите предложения.

1. In his book, Jackson must have departed from his earlier theory. 2. They couldn’t account for the mistakes in their calculations. 3. Every visible event in nature can be explained by previous events. 4. In a conceptual analysis one need only examine the parts. 5. Simplification must be used as a method of understanding any science. 6. It may take you twelve hours reading to produce an intellectually honest article of a thousand words. 7. According to the author this theory should hold in all cases. 8. They were able to predict further development of events. 9. Planning for the implementation of research results should begin when the research itself begins. 10. He is allowed to perform the operation. 11. I am to go to the conference. 12. A system analyst must learn to distinguish between real problems and symptoms. 13.This view ought to be accepted. 14. Need we use all these pseudo-operations? 15. All the responsibility should be strictly defined. 16. They need not have carried out the test any more. 17. They may have to take value into account. 18. The following points shall, however, be mentioned. 19. I will direct my critical remarks to the author of the article. 20. I would direct some critical remarks to the author of the article.

Задание 4. Замените следующие подчеркнутые глаголы словосочетаниями глагола и существительного. Выберите из предложенных ниже:

To offer/provide/give an explanation of/for; to carry out an exploration of; to put/place emphasis on; to give/provide a description of

1. This book emphasizes the importance of reading in language acquisition. 2. Many sociologists explored the relationship between family background and political ambition. 3. The book describes the beginning of space research. 4. This theory explains the fluctuations of the figures for this period.

Задание 5. Определите наклонение глагола в следующих предложениях и переведите предложения.

1. The study revealed a regular pattern of criminal behavior for teenagers. 2. Consider the advantages and disadvantages of different linguistic methods. 3. Provide statistical evidence and comments where necessary. 4. This fact proves that we can identify trans-cultural ideals. 5. The work would be done if they prepared for it properly. 6. Does Greig’s article supports or challenges Park’s theory? 6. I would like to give considerations on this subject. 7. It is desirable that this method (should) be tested in practice. 8. The recent investigation suggests a different interpretation of the situation. 9. Turn to the more difficult cases that I mentioned in my previous lecture. 10. But for the lack of reliable instrument the problem could have been solved long ago. 11. There was apparent discrepancy between the two sets of results. 12. There are many factors that could have contributed to this relatively small imbalance. 13. List the characteristics you examined in detail below. 14. Even problems that would be termed “simple” nowadays could not be handled in a straightforward way.15. We assigned the task randomly to the experimental group and to the control group to see how the subjects would react to different tasks.

Задание 5. Найдите в следующих предложениях фразовые глаголы и переведите предложения.

1. The author points out that the increase of population has led to some economic problems. 2. The unemployed in developing countries make up nearly half of adult population. 3. Pavlov decided to work on animal behaviour to analyse stimuli-reaction relationship. He set up a series of experiments investigating the behaviour of dogs. 4. What she has observed seems to go against current theories. 5. On completing your research you have to write it all up. 6. What sort of things must a scientist carry out? 7. It is sensible to go through maths calculations before you draw any conclusion.

Задание 6. А) Обратите внимание на подчеркнутые неличные формы глагола и их функции в следующих предложениях. Переведите предложения.

1. Defining problems precisely requires patience. 2. Memory is the process of selective forgetting. 3. To think otherwise would be a mistake. 4. Psychology of creative work is many-sided. 5. The performed work showed good results. 6. The equipment to be used is not ready yet. 7. They succeeded in getting reliable information. 8. He was the first to realize the difficulty of the situation. 9. The theory also basically improves understanding of this situation. 10. To construct a design of this kind seems nearly impossible. 11. Unfortunately the advantage of joining efforts for a complicated job is not always understood. 12. They have come here to observe the experiment. 13. In order to do this work well one must learn a lot. 14. It was a standpoint shared by many philosophers. 15. A number of animals living in the soil feed on plants.

Б) Проанализируйте примеры сложных конструкций с неличными формами глагола в предложениях ниже и дайте их эквивалентный перевод.

Конструкции с Причастиями I и II. 1.The characteristics of the components so far considered can be presented by the following scheme. 2. Several treatments of this problem have been presented, with theories resulting from this investigation falling into one of the two categories. 3. The data obtained are considered as not being adequately represented by equation 1. 4. We know them being invited to all our meetings.

Конструкции с Герундием. 1.The history of radioactivity begins with Henry Bequerel’s having reported his discovery of rays of unknown nature. 2. Besides being very involved this procedure is very costly. 3. (With) research involving more and more people, the profession of a scientist has become one of the most prestigious nowadays. 4. There is unmistakable proof of his (professor, Dean’s) having been wrong.

Конструкции c Инфинитивом. 1. We expect them to be involved in the work. 2. Experience shows this strategy to have produced better results. 3. Prof. Martin seems to have given up this view. 4. The lifetime of the equipment is assumed to be 30 years. 5. For this method to be valuable it must be improved.

Задание 7.

A. Read the text and answer the following questions:

1. Why is the scientific method required by researchers?

2. How is the scientific method defined?

3. Which stages or steps does the scientific method include?

4. Which steps should the researcher repeat if the satisfactory explanation is not found?

5. Should the researcher be guided by any factors when making conclusions on the investigated problem or set hypothesis?

THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

When a scientist attempts to obtain evidence related to a set hypothesis or collects data about a phenomenon to be explained, or tackle a problem which may come from consideration of some work, he or she applies a particular method of investigation. This rather well-defined procedure of obtaining knowledge has come to be known as the Scientific Method.

Simple description arbitrarily divides research into three stages. Stage one includes the dreams, the ideas, the exploratory work, selecting the problem, setting the objective, testing technical feasibility, and searching the literature. Stage two involves planning the experiment, conducting the experiment, checking the alternates, data taking, and data evaluation. Stage three is the solution of the problem – drawing conclusion and making recommendations.

But more fundamental approach to the essence of the scientific method argues that the steps in the procedure may be listed as follows:

1. The recognition of the problem. It may be stated as a question. (In this case each hypothesis can be regarded as a possible answer to the question or a possible explanation.)

2. Collection of experimental facts or data which are obtained by means of observations or measurements recorded during an investigation and analysed.

3. The results of the analysis are considered and a tentative hypothesis set up. Information from different sources can be brought for comparing.

4. Performance of test experiment or using other methods of data verification.

5. Substantiation, modification, or abandonment of the hypothesis in the light of the results of the previous step.

If the hypothesis is discarded because of the insufficient results of the data analysis, a new one is set up and steps three, four and five are repeated until a satisfactory explanation for all known data obtained in the test experiment is found. Additional hypotheses may also be put forward to provide other possible explanations.

As the amount of substantiating data becomes larger or when a hypothesis is generally accepted by scientists working in the field, it advances to the rank of a theory and eventually can be accepted as true. Accepting hypothesis leads to synthesis of information from different sources, various classifications or generalisations (stated as norms, concepts, principles, laws).

A theory leading to the statement of a principle or law has value not only because it accounts for observations which have been made, but also because it allows scientists to predict what will happen in future observations and experiments.

It should be noted that in general one adopts first the most obvious hypothesis; that is, the one that at the moment seems to offer the simplest explanation. But it may or may not prove to be satisfactory when new evidence is obtained.

In coming to a conclusion about any hypothesis the true scientist should be governed only by the experimental evidence and not by what he wants the results to be, or by reputation of those who advanced the hypothesis, by the views of the majority of researchers on it, or by any emotional reaction to the problem. Then the conclusion can be called objective.

Б) Расскажите о своем научном исследовании, опираясь на приведенное выше описание научного метода. Дополнительные сведения о научном методе и описание конкретных методов можно найти в Интернет-источниках (http://www.gly.uga.edu/railsback/1122science2.html; http://en.wikipedia.org /)

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