PHONETIC EXPRESSIVE MEANS AND STYLISTIC DEVICES. PARONOMASIA. RHYTHM. RHYME. METRE

Вопросы к экзамену

STYLISTICS

 

 

1. Phonetic expressive means and stylistic devices. Alliteration, assonance, onomatopoeia: types and stylistic functions. 

2. Phonetic expressive means and stylistic devices. Paronomasia. Rhythm. Rhyme. Metre

3. Types of graphical stylistic devices. The stylistic functions of graphon.

4. The linguistic mechanism of metaphor, varieties and stylistic functions of metaphors. Personification. Catachresis.

5. Metonymy, its varieties and stylistic functions. Synecdoche.

6. Types of irony. Sustained irony and simple verbal irony, its stylistic functions. Sarcasm.

7. The stylistic device of epithet, structural and semantic varieties and stylistic functions of epithets.

8. Hyperbole: types and stylistic functions. Meiosis and litotes: difference and similarities; stylistic functions.

9. Oxymoron, its varieties, and stylistic functions. Paradox.

10. The stylistic device of antithesis; its types and functions.

11. The linguistic mechanisms of pun, its varieties and stylistic functions. Zeugma.

12. The stylistic device of simile, its difference from logical comparison; varieties and stylistic functions.

13. The stylistic device of periphrasis, varieties and stylistic functions of periphrasis. Euphemism, types and stylistic functions. Dysphemism. The phenomenon of doublespeak.

14. The stylistic functions of proverbs, epigrams and quotations. Types and functions of decomposition of phraseological units.

15. The main principle of syntactical parallelism; types and functions of parallel syntactical constructions. The notions of isocolon and tricolon.

16. Stylistic inversion, its types and functions. Chiasmus and antimetabole.

17. Repetition, its varieties. Stylistic functions of different types of repetition. 

18. The syntactical stylistic device of climax (gradation), its types and functions. Anticlimax.

19. Syntactical stylistic devices of linkage. Stylistic functions of polysyndeton and asyndeton.

20. Stylistic devices dealing with completeness of a sentence structure: ellipsis, aposiopesis, apokoinu.

21. Represented (free indirect) speech, its varieties and stylistic functions

22. Syntactical devices based on stylistic use of structural meaning. Rhetorical question.

23. The stylistic devices of detachment, parcellation, gap-sentence link; their stylistic functions.

24. Types of interplay between logical and nominal lexical meanings. The stylistic functions of antonomasia.

25. Stylistic stratification of the English vocabulary. Neutral, common literary and common colloquial layers of the lexical stock.

26. Stylistic stratification of the English vocabulary. Special literary words.

27. Stylistic stratification of the English vocabulary. Special colloquial words.

28. Functional styles of the English Language. Publicist style; the peculiarities of newspaper style

29. Functional styles of the English Language: the peculiarities of belles-lettres style and scientific style

30. Defeated expectancy, foregrounding and stylistic function. Expressive means and stylistic devices. Stylistic convergence

31. Types of context. The notion of stylistic context. The notion of strong position.

32. Denotational meaning and connotations; types of connotations.

33. The problems of the science of stylistics. Branches of stylistics. The notions of style and register.

34. Norm and the factors of its fluctuations. The plurality of norm. Neutrality and stylistic colouring.

 

PHONETIC EXPRESSIVE MEANS AND STYLISTIC DEVICES. ALLITERATION, ASSONANCE, ONOMATOPOEIA: TYPES AND STYLISTIC FUNCTIONS.

Phonetic expressive means and devices are used for several purposes:

• to produce a certain acoustic effect;
• to give emphasis to the utterance;
• to arouse emotions in the reader or the listener.

 

Alliteration- the use of the same letter or sound at the beginning of words that are close together.( She sells seashells by the seashore.)(Freezing frost in February)

• creates a musical effect
• making them easier to learn by heart
• makes the brand names interesting and easier to remember. (Marilyn Monroe)

 

Assonance – the use of the same vocal sound in words that are close together.( Men sell the wedding bells.”)

• to enhance a musical effect
• creating internal rhyme.
• helps writers to develop a particular mood in the text
• to make them more memorable ( The early bird catches the worm.)

Onomatopoeia- the use of words sound tries to imitate their meaning.(nature ,animals, moving vehicles, working tools, thunder, wind )

Therefore, while a pig says “oink” in English, “grunz” in German

 

Types onomatopoeia:

1. direct onomatopoeia  (ding-dong, bang, tick-tock.)
2. onomatopoetic words (to hush (keep silent), to whisper, to raw, to mumble, mutter, murmur)
3. indirect onomatopoeia - a combination of sounds the aim of which is to make the sound of the utterance an echo of its sense. It demands some mention of what produces the repeated sound.  (The sound [w] is conveyed by the word “wind” )“The bells” A. E. Poe ( “bells” several times)

 

PHONETIC EXPRESSIVE MEANS AND STYLISTIC DEVICES. PARONOMASIA. RHYTHM. RHYME. METRE

PARONOMASIA is a rhetorical device that can be defined as a phrase intentionally used to exploit the confusion between words having similar sounds but different meanings. It is like a word play, and is also known as a “pun.”

Types of Paronomasia There are two types of paronomasia:

1. Typographic Paronomasia

• Homophonic – The use of words that sound the same, but have different meanings, such as “Pour out corruption’s slag from every pore.”
• Homographic – Words that are spelled the same, but have different meanings, such as “David doesn’t feel well today,” and “My uncle is digging a new well.”
• Homonymic – These words include both homographs and homophones.
• Compound – These contain two or more puns in a sentence.
• Recursive – In these, the second part of a pun depends upon the meaning of the first.

1. Visual Paronomasia

These are actually puns and used in non-phonetic texts. Visual paronomasia includes the “4 Pics 1 Word” word game, where players are supposed to look at four pictures and guess the word that they have in common.

RHYTHM – regularity of alternation of some opposed units: long and short, stressed and unstressed, etc.

Rhythm - created by a regular recurrence of similar or equal units of speech.

Rhythm is a literary device that demonstrates the long and short patterns through stressed and unstressed syllables, particularly in verse form.

Types of rhythm:

1. iamb (x /) (This is the most commonly used rhythm. It consists of two syllables, the first of which is not stressed, while the second syllable is stressed) “I do not like the winter wind” ямб
2. Trochee (/ x) It has two syllables, the first of which is strongly stressed, while the second syllable is unstressed. “twinkle, twinkle little star” хорей
3. Dactyl (/ x x) The first syllable is stressed, and the remaining two syllables are not stressed. Дактиль

“cannon to right of them. Cannon to left of them”

1. Anapest (x x /) They have three syllables; where the first two syllables are not stressed, and the last syllable is stressed. (анапест) “I am monarch of all I survey”
2. amphibrach (амфибрахий) “Oh, where are you going to all your big steamers”_ \ _
3. Spondee It is a pattern of two subsequent stressed syllables. RAINSTORM, SUNSHINE

 

• to intensify emotions
• to express some words more strongly than others.
• giving musical effect to a speech

 

RHYME - repetition of identical or similar terminal sound combination of words.

Types of Rhyme:

1. Perfect Rhyme (=full rhyme) (Might –right)
2. Syllabic Rhyme– Bottle and fiddle,
3. incomplete rhyme (= Imperfect Rhyme ) (flesh-press wild-world, reflect and subject)
4. Assonance or Slant Rhyme (wall and hall)
5. Eye rhyme (=“sight rhymes,” or “spelling rhymes,”) : This is common in English because so many of our words are spelled in the same way, yet have different pronunciations. For example, “good” and food” look like they should rhyme, but their vowel sounds are different.
6. Tail Rhyme
7. Internal rhyme (внутренняя рифма) - the words are placed within the lines. Shelley “I am the daughter of earth and water”
8. Rhymless verse (blank verse) белый стих
9. Single: This is a rhyme in which the stress is on the final syllable of the words (“mind” and “behind”).
10. Double: This perfect rhyme has the stress on the penultimate, or second-to-last, syllable (“toasting” and “roasting”).
11. Dactylic: This rhyme, relatively uncommon in English, has the stress on the antepenultimate, or third-from-last, syllable (“terrible” and “wearable”).
12. triple rhymes-aaa

According to the way the rhyme is arranged within stanza (четверостишие) we can point out

1. couplets or adjacent rhyme (смежная): a – a – b – b
2. cross rhyme (перекрестный):              a – b – a – b
3. framing or ring rhyme (опоясывающий):     а – b – b – a

• It is used in poetry, in proverbs, headlines of articles. (e.g. when in Rome, do as the Romans do. East or west home is best. No pains, no gains)
• expressive and memorable, colourful

Types of rhyme:

1. masculine (single stressed syllable),  face - place
2. feminine (stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable), daughters - waters
3. single (one-syllable rhyme),
4. double (two-syllable rhyme),
5. triple(three-syllable rhyme),
6. internal (rhyme within the line),
7. end (rhyme at the end of lines),
8. perfect (repetition of identical sounds),
9. slant / approximate / suspended (similarity of sounds instead of identity),
10. eye-rhyme (identical spelling but different pronunciation)

 

METER is a stressed and unstressed syllabic pattern in a verse, or within the lines of a poem.

English poetry employs five basic meters:

1. Lamb (x /) (This is the most commonly used rhythm. It consists of two syllables, the first of which is not stressed, while the second syllable is stressed) “I do not like the winter wind” ямб
2. Trochee (/ x) It has two syllables, the first of which is strongly stressed, while the second syllable is unstressed. “twinkle, twinkle little star” хорей
3. Dactyl (/ x x) The first syllable is stressed, and the remaining two syllables are not stressed. Дактиль
4. “cannon to right of them. Cannon to left of them”
5. Anapest (x x /) They have three syllables; where the first two syllables are not stressed, and the last syllable is stressed. (анапест) “I am monarch of all I survey”
6. amphibrach ( амфибрахий ) “Oh, where are you going to all your big steamers”_ \ _
7. Spondee It is a pattern of two subsequent stressed syllables. RAINSTORM, SUNSHINE

Meter has two subdivisions: qualitative meter, and quantitative meter. The definition of meter differs slightly depending on which language the poetry is written in. Poetry written in English uses qualitative meter, which is based on the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.

• Iamb: aGREE.
• Trochee:, DOCtor.
• Spondee: ICE CREAM
• Dactyl: ELephant
• Anapest: underSTAND.

English language poets often combine these feet in standard patterns, such as the following:

• Trochaic Tetrameter:

• Iambic Pentameter:
• Double Dactylic:
• Anapestic Tetrameter:

• gives poetry a rhythmical and melodious sound