THE STYLISTIC DEVICE OF ANTITHESIS; ITS TYPES AND FUNCTIONS.

Antithesis is a rhetorical device in which two opposite ideas are put together in a sentence to achieve a contrasting effect.

Antithesis emphasizes the idea of contrast by parallel structures of the contrasted phrases or clauses. The structures of phrases and clauses are similar, in order to draw the attention of the listeners or readers.Youth is lovely, age is lonely. (age – старость, youth & age – contrasted pair, lovely & lonely accept it)

Between two parts conjunction "but" is implicit, though it's not used, we can use transformation to put it in.

Antithesis must be distinguished from contrasting forms of the kind from top to bottom, up and down – we can't insert "but", though they have opposition – so they are based on opposition, not antithesis.

The basic functions of antithesis are:

· copulative – соединительная and comparative – сравнительная.

· rhyme forming and rhythm – rhyme usually in proverbs.

A literary device, like antithesis, uses words to convey ideas in different ways from the common words and expressions of daily life. Thus, it conveys meaning more vividly than ordinary speech. When contrasting ideas are brought together, the idea is expressed more emphatically.

As a literary device, antithesis makes contrasts in order to examine pros and cons of a subject under discussion, and helps to bring forth judgment on that particular subject.

• comparative function

• copulative

• rhythm-forming

THE LINGUISTIC MECHANISMS OF PUN, ITS VARIETIES AND STYLISTIC FUNCTIONS. ZEUGMA.

PUN (каламбур) is a play on words based on different meanings of words and words that sound alike. Besides, punning causes the effect of defeated expectancy. For example, a humorous recommendation says: “If your wife has made up her mind to learn to drive a car, don’t stand in her way.” Where there is a Will, there is a way.

Puns are used in jokes, anecdotes, riddles, humorous stories, advertisements to attract the readers’ attention, make a statement fresh, and influence or even manipulate them.

Pun can be based on

1. Polysemy of words. (marriage is a word but for some people it's a sentence).

2. Homonymy – (time flies, fruit flies)

3. Paronymy – (children need your presence more than presents)

Function:

· Produce humorous effect

· Attract the reader`s attention, influence or even manipulate them.

· Make a statement fresh

“If your wife is made up her mind to learn to drive a car, don`t stay on her way”. – polysemantic phrase : 1. Prevent smth 2. Stand on the road.'"Bow to the board," said Bumble. Oliver brushed away two or three tears that were lingering in his eyes; and seeing no board but the table, fortunately bowed to that'. (Dickens) “Take the wait off your feet”-( wait replace weight)

Zeugma is a figure of speech in which a word, usually a verb or an adjective, applies to more than one noun, blending together grammatically and logically different ideas.

For instance, in the sentence, “John lost his coat and his temper,” the verb “lost” applies to both the nouns “coat” and “temper.” Losing a coat and losing temper are logically and grammatically different ideas, which are brought together in this sentence. Zeugma, when used skillfully, produces a unique artistic effect, making the literary works more interesting and effective as it serves to adorn expressions, and to add emphasis to ideas in impressive style.

Function of Zeugma

 This literary device may create confusing or dangling sentences.

E.g. “She lowered her standards by raising her glass”

However, if used correctly, it adds flavor to literary texts as it helps produce a dramatic effect, which could possibly be shocking in its result. Zeugma examples are also in literary works of famous writers and poets from several centuries ago, to add vividness and conciseness to their texts.

THE STYLISTIC DEVICE OF SIMILE, ITS DIFFERENCE FROM LOGICAL COMPARISON; VARIETIES AND STYLISTIC FUNCTIONS.

SIMILE is a figure of speech that makes a comparison, showing similarities between two different things. Simile is based on a likeness, resemblance of a different objects.

He is as greedy as a wolf.

He - a tenor

Greedy – the ground of the comparison

Wolf – vehicle

The formal element of simile is: like, as, as…if, in some cases we can find verb: remind, resemble and other words which express the idea of similarity.

Simile should not be confused with LOGICAL COMPARISON. Structurally identical, consisting of the tenor, the vehicle and the uniting formal element, they are semantically different: objects belonging to the same class are likened in a simple comparison, while in a simile we deal with the likening of objects belonging to two different classes. So, “She is like her mother” is a simple comparison, used to state an evident fact. “She is like a rose” is a simile used for purposes of expressive evaluation, emotive explanation, highly individual description.

VARIETIES

According to originality:

· trite (slow as snail)

· genuine ( teeth clattered like cubes in a blender)

According to the linking element:

· ordinary (like, as, such as)

· implied (shortened) in an of-phrase ( she had a figure of an elephant)

· disguised ( to resemble, to seem, to remind of| a verbal phrase – look like, have a look of)

Structural types:

· simple (she entered like an awful chicken)

· extended – consists of several imaginary comparatives (she stood holding a microphone the way a drowning man holds a lifebelt)