The adverbial modifier is placed at the beginning of the sentence.

e.g. My dearest daughter, at your feet I fall. Slowly she opened her eyes.

5. Both modifier and predicate stand before the subject, e. g. In went Mr. Pickwick.

There are two types of inversion:

1. Subject-verb inversion, where the subject and the main verb switch positions and the word order becomes verb + subject: On the top of the hill stood an old oak tree.
2. Subject-auxiliary inversion, where the subject and the auxiliary switch positions and the word order becomes auxiliary + subject (+ verb): Hardly had I arrived home when my phone rang.
3. The object is placed at the beginning of the sentence
4. the predicate is placed before the subject: A good generous prayer it was
5. The predicative precedes the link-verb and both are placed before the subject: Rude am I in my speech.
6. The attribute is placed after the word it modifies (postpositive attribute): “With fingers weary and worn
7. Both the modifier and the predicate stand before the subject: Down came the storm

Functions of inversion:

• to place emphasis on a certain word.( Wonderful is the way I feel. Tomorrow will come the decision.
• to creating a poetic rhythm
• sounds more effective,
• maintains a rhyme scheme

The inversion is used in poetry, emotive prose, especially in descriptions, in newspaper style and public speeches.

CHIASMUS is a rhetorical device in which two or more clauses are balanced against each other by the reversal of their structures in order to produce an artistic effect. (“Never let a Fool Kiss You or a Kiss Fool You.”)

Chiasmus is a figure of speech that displays inverted parallelism. (We ran away quickly; speedily, we fled. Down dropped the breeze, the sails dropped down.)

Pleasure's a sin, and sometimes sin's a pleasure. The witty arrangement of words gives the utterance an epigramatic character. Used as epigramic device, sounds like epigram, It is used in belletra, rhythmical type of speech, short play with words. In those styles that require expressiveness. Often used in jokes and humorous stories, may sound humorous with a pun.

“Soldiers face powder; girls powder faces” – If you are a soldier you have to go to war, the words change their meaning,

The stylistic functions of chiasmus have so far been little investigated, but: it’s obvious that the 1st part of chiasmus is somewhat incomplete – it calls for continuation, which can be observed in the 2nd part. The 2nd part is more important – it bears more information, it’s more emphatic. The engineer minds the train and the teacher trains the mind.

ANTIMETABOLE is a figure of speech in which words or clauses from the first half of a sentence are repeated in the second half of the sentence in reverse order.( “Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.”) Kennedy “In America, you can always find a party. In Soviet Russia, Party always finds you!” – Yakov Smirnoff

• surprise the reader or listener

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CHIASMUS AND ANTIMETABOLE

An antimetabole is the repetition of words in consecutive clauses, but in an inverted or transposed order. “You forget what you want to remember, and you remember what you want to forget.” Antimetabole examples resemble chiasmus, as they are marked by the inversion of structure.

A chiasmus is a sentence repeated inversely. The only condition of a chiasmic sentence is that the two clauses in the phrase are opposite in meaning. “Charm is a woman’s strength, strength is a man’s charm,

• to create a special artistic effect,
• to lay emphasis on what writer want to communicate.
• easy to remember.
• creates rhythm
• it sounds humorous Soldiers face powder, girls powder faces.

All the antimetaboles are chiasmus, but not all instances of chiasmus are antimetaboles.

REPETITION, ITS VARIETIES. STYLISTIC FUNCTIONS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF REPETITION.

REPETITION is a literary device that repeats the same words or phrases a few times to make an idea clearer and more memorable. There are several types of repetition commonly used in both prose and poetry.

As a rhetorical device, it could be a word, a phrase, or a full sentence, or a poetical line repeated to emphasize its significance in the entire text. Repetition is not distinguished solely as a figure of speech, but more as a rhetorical device.

Types of Repetition

• Anadiplosis: Repetition of the last word in a line or clause.
• Anaphora: Repetition of words at the start of clauses or verses.
• Antistasis: Repetition of words or phrases in opposite sense.
• Diacope: Repetition of words broken by some other words.
• Epanalepsis: Repetition of the same words at the beginning and the end of a sentence.
• Epimone: Repetition of a phrase (usually a question) to stress a point.
• Epiphora: Repetition of the same word at the end of each clause.
• Gradatio: A construction in poetry where in the last word of one clause becomes the first of the next, and so on.
• Negative-Positive Restatement: Repetition of an idea first in negative terms, and then in positive terms.
• Polyptoton: Repetition of words of the same root, with different endings.
• Symploce: A combination of anaphora and epiphora, in which repetition is both at the end and at the beginning.

Stylistic functions of repetition are various and many-sided. Besides emphasizing the most important part of the utterance, rendering the emotions of the speaker or showing his emotive attitude towards the object described, it may play a minor stylistic role, showing the durability of action, and to a lesser degree the emotions following it.

Repetition, deliberately used by the author to better emphasize his sentiments, should not be mixed with pleonasm - an excessive, uneconomic usage of unnecessary, extra words, which shows the inability of the writer to express his ideas in a precise and clear manner.