Контрольное задание №2

Для выполнения контрольного задания 2 необходимо изучить следую­щие разделы из курса грамматики английского языка:

1. Видовременные формы глагола активного и пассивного залога: фор­мы Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect (Present, Past, Future) .Особенности перево­да пассивных конструкций на русский язык.

2. Модальные глаголы (can, may, must) и их эквиваленты (to be to, to have to).

3. Неличные формы глагола: Participle I, Participle II в функциях опре­деления и обстоятельства.

4. Определительные и дополнительные придаточные предложения.

5. Интернациональные слова.

Образец выполнения 1 (к упр. 1)

a) Last winter our ship sailed in the Black Sea. sailed - Past Indefinite Passive от глагола to sail Прошлой зимой наше судно плавало в Черном море .

b) The cargo has just been stowed.

Has just been stowed — Present Perfect Active от глагола to stow Груз только что уложили .

Образец выполнения 2 (к упр . 2)

a) The ship leaving the berth is a tanker.
leaving - Participle I, определение
Судно , отходящее от причала - танкер .

b) Leaving the berth we gave a sound signal.
leaving - Participle I, обстоятельство

Отходя от причала, мы подали звуковой сигнал.

c) The cargo has not been examined yet.
examined - Participle II,

Груз еще не проверили.

Образец выполнения 3 ( к упр. 3)

a) We always have to stay in this port for a long time as they have no
modern cargo handling machinery here.

have to - эквивалент модального глагола must

Мы всегда вынуждены подолгу стоять в этом порту из-за отсутствия современных грузообрабатывающих средств.

b) Nobody in my crew can speak Japanese.
can - модальный глагол

Никто из экипажа не говорит по-японски.

c) The ship is to be repaired within three months.
is to - модальный глагол

Судно должны отремонтировать за три месяца.

 

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ВАРИАНТ 1

1. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из
них глагол-сказуемое, определите его видовременную форму и залог.

1) They have ordered two new container ships for our Shipping Company.

2) The engineers are overhauling the main engine now.

3) Because of the severe storm the ship's propeller was seriously damaged.

4) More and more larger merchant vessels are being powered by medium-speed diesel engines.

2. Перепишите следующие предложения , подчеркните Participle I и
Participle II и установите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством
или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1) You must be very careful while working with machines and motors.

2) Some chief engineers have a Certificate of approval enabling them to carry out continuous machinery survey on its behalf.

3) The system of planned maintenance includes both survey and intermediate overhaul of all items.

4) Metals having relatively high strength and withstanding high temperatures are used for turbine blades.

3. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них
модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите на русский язык.

1) The area must be cleaned and washed to remove all salt, dirt and oil.

2) The equipment is to be delivered within 12 months.

3) Pollution can also come from engine-room bilges of all ships (not only tankers), since bilge water is always contaminated by oil.

4) These tools may be very helpful for you.

4. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст, обращая внимание на
пояснения к тексту.

Cooling System

The principal function of the cooling system is to dispose of the heat transferred from the burning fuel to the metal adjacent to the combustion chamber. It is usually extended and put to uses, such as cooling the scavenging air, lubricating oil, etc. All of these points of application may be included into a single system and sea water and fresh water used as the cooling medium. The most often used cooling system is an enclosed fresh water system. In this case sea water is used for cooling

fresh water, oil, scavenging air. The water that enters the bottom of each cylinder jacket flows upward, passes into the cylinder head, then through the exhaust valve cage and into a pipe leading to the exhaust manifold jacket and then to the thermostat. The latter delivers part of the water to the cooler and the rest of it to the circulating pump to be recirculated.

In some installations cooling of the piston is done with fresh water, sea water, being used only in the coolers, through which the fresh water and oil are passed after leaving the engine.

The all salt-water method is the simplest arrangement because of the necessity for fewer pumps and the elimination of water coolers and storage tanks, but the use of fresh water reduces the trouble due to scale, sediment and corrosion. Cooling the pistons with oil eliminates troubles due to leakage of water into lubricating oil.

Vocabulary

1. cooling system - система охлаждения

2. burning fuel - горящее топливо

3. combustion chamber - камера сгорания

4. exhaust manifold - выхлопной коллектор

5. cooling medium - охлаждающая среда

6. cylinder jacket- рубашка цилиндра

7. cage - корпус

8. jacket system - система зарубашечного пространства

9. the rest - остальная часть

10. storage - отстойный

11. to reduce - уменьшать

12. fresh water - пресная вода

 

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ВАРИАНТ 2

1. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из
них глагол-сказуемое, определите его видовременную форму и залог.

1) The ship is provided with oil residue tanks with the total capacity of 10 cu.m.

2) We have repaired three Russian vessels so far, two from the North Shipping Company and a research vessel belonging to the Academy of Sciences.

3) We were repairing the engine the whole morning and could not leave the port in time.

4) All fuel oil pumps were carefully inspected before bunkering.

2. Перепишите следующие предложения , подчеркните Participle I и
Participle II и установите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством
или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1) The ordered supplies will be delivered tomorrow.

2) When spare parts received, please inform us.

3) According to the ship's specifications, the working pressure of the boiler should be 10 kg / sq. cm.

4) All ships should be equipped with technical facilities that make impossible to discharge water containing oil or oil products into the sea.

3. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них
модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите на русский язык.

1) Routine cleaning and overhaul may be carried out at sea.

2) The Chief Engineer can decide which item can run longer than planned.

3) Discharge valves are to be shut and sealed.

4) Pistons should also be examined for cracks.

4. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст, обращая внимание на
пояснения к тексту.

Fuel System

The fuel piping system comprises the fuel supply lines, high-pressure fuel lines and fuel heating pipes, if heavy fuel is used. Fuel supply lines include the supply lines from the fuel transfer pumps and preheating arrangement to the fuel filters and fuel pumps on the engine supply also the fuel supply lines to the installation. High-pressure fuel lines connect the fuel pumps with the fuel valves and are under very high intermittent pressure.

Fuel system fittings are: fuel transfer pump, fuel filter, fuel pressure -maintenance valve, fuel shut-off valve, fuel non-return valve.

The fuel transfer pump is driven separately by an electric motor. The fuel filter contains several filter elements which can be switched over during operation and is designed for steam heating.

The fuel pressure-retaining valve is designed for adjustable back pressure. The pressure adjusted should be so high that there is no formation of vapour on the suction side of the pumps. The fuel shut-off valve opens during operations and is provided with a double cone seat to prevent leakage, so that the main pipe can be isolated for dismantling the fuel pumps or preheating.

The non-return valve is situated between the fuel pumps and the overflow line with single-controlled fuel pumps. During operation the surplus fuel delivered by the fuel transfer pumps runs off into the overflow line. When dismantling a fuel pump, the letter is isolated from the overflow line by the non-return valve.

Each cylinder possesses its own fuel pump, which discharges a definite quantity of fuel through the discharge line to the fuel valve at the correct moments and under high pressure, the fuel is then sprayed into the combustion chamber.

Vocabulary

1. fuel piping system - трубопровод топливной системы

2. fuel heating pipes - трубопровод подогрева топлива

3. intermittent pressure - пульсирующее давление

4. pressure-maintenance (remaining) valve - клапан постоянного давления

5. shut-off valve - отсечной клапан

6. non-return valve - невозвратный клапан

7. to adjust - регулировать

8. disharge line - трубопровод подачи

9. double cone seat - двухконусное седло

10. overflow line - трубопровод перелива

11. dismantling - демонтаж

12. single-controlled - насос основной

 

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ВАРИАНТ 3

1. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из
них глагол-сказуемое, определите его видовременную форму и залог.

l)Two sailors of our crew have been hospitalized in a foreign port.

2) Mr. Wilson and the Chief Engineer are discussing the repair of the camshaft.

3) The liners were badly damaged through erosion on the cooling water side.

4) The controllable pitch propeller ( CPP ) was damaged when we were fishing in the Labrador area.

2. Перепишите следующие предложения , подчеркните Participle I и
Participle II и установите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством
или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1) With oil circulating in the system again check the oil level in the reservoir.

2) The power generated by the turbine depends on the mass of air passing through.

3) Two or more furnaces may be fitted depending on the size of the boiler.
4)The energy normally lost in the exhaust is relatively high.

3. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них
модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите на русский язык.

1) Pump and auxiliary machinery overhauls can be carried out in ports.

2) At intervals of six weeks the fuel valves should be taken out and carefully inspected.

3) We may include this item in our additional list of repairs.

4) The engine must be inspected for defects.

4. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст, обращая внимание на
пояснения к тексту.

Engine lubrication

The problem involved in lubrication is the maintenance of a film of lubricant between any two surfaces that have relative motion, so that the surfaces do not come in contact with each other. In the diesel engine there are two general types of surfaces - those inside the cylinders and those in the bearings.

The only lubricant is mineral oil. The oil used for lubrication of the cylinders must be applied in small quantities, but the oil used for bearing lubrication can be applied in any quantity and used repeatedly.

Cylinder lubrication has two purposes - to maintain the required film to separate the liner surface and the faces of the piston rings as they slide up and down, and act as a seal to prevent gases blowing past the rings.

The things must be done despite the high temperature of combustion.

The customary method of applying oil to the cylinder walls is by means of small pumps, assembled in units, known as mechanical lubrication, with common suction reservoir and a discharge pipe from each pump leading to a connection in the side of the cylinder, through which the oil passes into a hole in the liner. After passing into the cylinder the oil is spread over the surface of the liner by the piston rings as they slide along the liner. Bearing lubrication is effected by means of a circulatory system through which a large amount of oil under pressure is forced through the bearings. In general, the system is made up of a sump or reservoir, from which a circulating pump draws the oil and discharges it through the coolers and filters to a manifold which has a branch to each main bearing.

Vocabulary

1. film - пленка

2. lubrication - смазка

3. lubricant - смазочное вещество

4. bearing - подшипник

5. branch - отвод, патрубок

6. to maintaine - поддерживать, сохранять, обслуживать

7. line - втулка, прокладка цилиндра

8. quantity- количество

9. circulating pump - циркулярный насос

10. surface - поверхность

11. combustion - горение

12. manifold - коллектор

 

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ВАРИАНТ 4

1. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое, определите его видовременную форму и залог.

1) The ship is equipped in accordance with the provisions of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships.

2) For generating steam for main engine fire-tube boilers have been replaced by water-tube boilers.

3) The company has refused to make repairs to the damaged boiler on the m/v "Maria Ulyanova".

4) The storm began when the ship was approaching the port.

2. Перепишите следующие предложения , подчеркните Participle I и
Participle II и установите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством
или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1) The ship built in a foreign port is usually repaired at the same yard.

2) The condensing turbines exhaust their steam to a condenser.

3) The auxiliary pump is used when the turbine is started.

4) When received, pistons are carefully checked and measured against their original dimensions.

3. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них
модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите на русский язык.

1) This loss, however, can be minimized by careful design.

2) The hose is to be connected and disconnected by the shore attendant.

3) Hard particles may also be produced by corrosion.

4) Cylinder liners must be examined externally for deposits of scale.

4. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст, обращая внимание на
пояснения к тексту.

Supercharging

Supercharging, or pressure charging, is a means of increasing the power output of a given engine. It is the process of filling the engine cylinder with air before the compression stroke starts. The pressure of this air is above atmospheric in order to get a greater weight of air into the cylinder. If to start with a higher pressure, the final compression pressure will be higher. This means that if the engine is supercharged, the volume of the compression space must be enlarged if the compression pressure, will be higher. This means that if the engine is

supercharged, the volume of the compression space must be enlarged if the compression pressure is to be kept the same.

Having a greater weight of air in the cylinder more fuel is burnt. Although more oil is burnt there is more air present and the ratio of oil to air is the same as without supercharging.

Exhaust occurs at a higher pressure, but the temperature of the exhaust is lower than with ordinary operation. The inlet valve opens before the exhaust valve closes and the inlet air being higher in pressure than the exhaust gases at the time the inlet valve opens. The air is blown through the compression space, scavenging out the gases and cooling them, the piston and cylinder walls. This action completely fills the cylinder space with fresh air and the net increase in power developed in the engine may be as much as 50 %.

In modern Diesel engines exhaust gas turbocharging is widely used. The exhaust-driven turbochargers operate on the pulse system or on the constant-pressure principle, and are independent of the crankshaft. Their speed changes with the load on the engine. The air compressed by the turbochargers flows into the scavenging-air receiver and through non-return valve into the chambers below each cylinder. Here it is further compressed by the pistons on their downward stoke before flowing into the combustion space when the pistons uncover the scavenge ports.

When the turbocharger is out of action, the ship can run at 75% of her normal speed.

Vocabulary

1. supercharging - наддув

2. weight-вес

3. pulse system - импульсная система

4. net increase - чистое увеличение

5. gas turbocharging - газотурбонаддув

6. downward - вниз

7. turbocharger - турбокомпрессор

8. inlet valve - выпускной клапан

9. exhaust valve - выхлопной клапан

10. to occur - происходить

11. scavenging-air receiver - ресивер продувочного воздуха

 

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ВАРИАНТ 5

1. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое, определите его видовременную форму и залог.

1) The Chief Mate is showing the life-boats to the inspector now.

2) The ice-breaker has already conducted the cargo ship" Gotland" to the port.

3) A lot of oil has been spilled near the coast.

4) When pistons are received by us they are carefully checked and measured against their original dimensions.

2. Перепишите следующие предложения , подчеркните Participle I и
Participle II и установите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством
или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1) The Convention MARPOL 73/78 was primarily aimed at pollution resulting from routine tanker operation.

2) MARPOL 73/78 requires unscheduled inspection or mandatory annual surveys of ships.

3) The lubricant employed should be of good quality.

4) A centrifugal pump on the turbine shaft is often used to supply oil.

3. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них
модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите на русский язык.

1) Water contamination of lubricating oil on board a ship can seriously damage engine bearings and cause engine failure.

2) The equipment is to be delivered within 12 months.

3) All carbon deposits should be removed from cylinder ports.

4) In turbine design the amount of condenser vacuum must be given due attention.

4. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст, обращая внимание на
пояснения к тексту.

Turbocharging

In the four-stroke naturally aspirated engine, the air for combustion is drawn in from atmosphere the suction stroke. In the turbocharged engine, the air is supplied pre-compressed and, in some cases, cooled. A greater weight of air for combustion is thus available in the cylinder and due to the valve overlap the cylinder is scavenged of the exhaust gases. The effect of turbocharging is:

 

1) to increase the weight of air available for combustion,

2) to scavenge the residual gases,

3) to cool all parts in the combustion chamber.

With the greater air weight, a greater quantity of fuel can be burned and an increase of power obtained without increasing the temperature and the heat stresses in the engine.

The turbocharger comprises a single stage axial flow exhaust gas driven turbine, driving a centrifugal air compressor which draws air from the atmosphere and delivers it under pressure to the air inlet manifold, then through the air inlet valves to the cylinders the gas turbine wheel and air impeller are mounted on a common rotor shaft carried in bearings mounted at each end of the shaft.

The impulse energy of the gases from the various cylinders is used to drive the turbocharger and there is no loss of engine power. To ensure efficient scavenging it is necessary to have a large overlap of the air and exhaust valves. With this overlap on multi-cylinder engines it is essential to avoid interference in the exhaust pipes between the exhaust impulses from successive cylinders, as this would interfere with efficient scavenging. To eliminate this, two, three or four exhaust pipes are used depending on the number of cylinders.

Vocabulary

1. naturally aspirated engine - обычный двигатель, без наддува

2. residual exhaust gas - остаточный выхлопной газ

3. throttling - дросселирование

4. valve overlap - перекрытие клапанов

5. exhaust gas driven turbine - турбина, приводимая в движение выхлоп­ными газами

6. multi-cylinder engine - многоцилиндровый двигатель

7. to avoid interference - избегать помехи

8. wheel - рабочее колесо, диск

9. weight - вес, объем

10. turbocharger - турбокомпрессор

11. to scavenge - продувать

12. loss-потеря

 

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ЧАСТЬ 3. РАЗГОВОРНЫЕ ТЕМЫ

1. My Speciality

I

The principal aim of the shipmechanical faculty is to train certificated specialists in the following fields:

1) shipbuilding,

2) ship power plants,

3) maintenance of ship power plants,

4) technical maintenance of ship and ship equipment,

5) environment engineering protection.

The graduates of the faculty get the specialities of a mechanical engineer, a ship builder and an environment protection engineer.

The educational course begins with mastering mathematics, physics, chemistry, drawing, descriptive geometry. Students also have humanitarian sciences: history of Russia, philosophy, political history, foreign languages, etc. The graduates of the faculty get the speciality of a mechanical engineer.

II

Junior students study both technical and social sciences. Senior students study special subjects such as details of machines, theory of machines and mechanism, ship internal combustion engines and others.

Special attention is paid to studying fuel system, cooling and lubricating systems. Students study engine arrangement and types of engines. Besides they study turbine arrangement.

III

Each year students of the faculty have an industrial training. After the first year they have one-month industrial training. After the third year students have a ship-board training lasting 6 month. Students keep watch, do work as motormen, help to repair damages of an engine. Traditional students practical training takes place in different ports of Siberian rivers and at the Sea of Japan. Undergraduates collect necessary information for their graduation papers.

IV

The faculty comprises several chairs: such as ship internal combustion engines chair, shipbuilding chair, shiprepairing chair, technology of metals chair and others.

There are some mechanical workshops, labs of internal combustion engines, labs of auxiliary mechanisms, a metal-cutting lab at the disposal of students.

According to the 5-year program the faculty gives fundamental knowledge combined with practical skills.

Vocabulary

1. aim-цель

2. shipmechanical faculty - судомеханический факультет

3. to provide with - обеспечить

4. to solve - решать

5. field - область, отрасль

6. to master - овладевать

7. to combine - сочетать

8. industrial training - производственная практика

9. special attention - особое внимание

10. to devote (to) - уделять

11. fuel system - топливная система

12. cooling system - система охлаждения

13. lubricating system - система смазки

14. engine arrangement - устройство двигателя

15. ship-board training - плавательская практика

16. to last-длиться

17. to keep watch - стоять на вахте

18. to repair - ремонтировать

19. damage - повреждение

20. undergraduate -студент последнего курса

21. graduation paper - диплом

22. to comprise - включать в себя

23. workshop - мастерская

24. at one's disposal - в чём-либо распоряжении

25. auxiliary mechanism - вспомогательный механизм

26. to obtain - получать

27. skills - мастерство, навыки

28. enterprise - предприятие

29. to appreciate - высоко ценить

30. experience - опыт

 

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Questions to be answered:

1. What Academy do you study at?

2. What's the name of your faculty?

3. What's the aim of teaching at the faculty?

4. What subjects do junior and senior students study?

5. What specialities do the graduates from the shipmechanical faculty get?

6. What special subjects are the students taught?

7. Why is special attention devoted to studying cooling, fuel, lubricating systems?

8. What kind of training do the students of the faculty have?

9. How long does a ship-board training last?

10. What do the students do during this training?

11. What chairs does your faculty comprise?

Diesel Engine

Diesels are the most economical heat engines. The Diesel engine is an "internal combustion" engine; that is to say, the fuel is burnt inside the engine cylinders and not externally in a separate boiler. The principle of operation is as follows,- a charge of pure air is drawn, or pumped, into the engine cylinder and then compressed by the moving piston to a pressure of about 500 lbs per square inch. When air is compressed, it's temperature rises. Fuel is now sprayed into the engine cylinder, is ignited by the hot air and in burning supplies more heat to the air charge thus causing it to expand and drive the engine piston.